<p>The Gehlen House and Barn are historic buildings located in St. Donatus, Iowa, United States. Both buildings were built by Peter Gehlen , an immigrant from Luxembourg who settled in this area in 1846. He built a flour mill on the Tetes des Mortes Creek in 1848. As other immigrants from Luxembourg settled here they built distinctive houses from the local limestone. Of these the Gehlen house was the most significant. It is located at a crossroads, and because of its size it served as a community center. At one time or another it served as the post office, hotel, and general store. The exterior of the stone house is covered with plaster and features many windows and doorways on the long side, narrow eaves, a low-pitched jerkinhead, and a rear wing. The barn, which sits immediately behind the house is significant as one of the few stone barns in Iowa. The house and barn were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and were included as contributing properties in the Village of St. Donatus Historic District in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Jeremiah Wood House is a historic residence located in Sabula, Iowa, United States. The house is associated with the settlement of Sabula, and the occupation of steamboat pilot. Dr. Enoch A. Wood and his father James settled here in 1836 and platted the town the same year. It was named Sabula ten years later. Enoch&#39;s brother Jeremiah joined them in 1837, and worked in the family retail store. He became a steamboat pilot around 1852, and married his wife in 1860. He built the major part of this house six years later. The 2½-story stone house was built on the banks of the Mississippi River. It features modillions along the rooflines, ocular windows on the gable ends, and a two story porch on the main facade. The back wing may be as much as 30 years older. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Stephenson County Courthouse, located on Courthouse Square in Freeport, is the county courthouse serving Stephenson County, Illinois. The present courthouse was built in 1975, replacing a historic courthouse built on the site in 1870. Elijah E. Myers, who went on to design three state capitols, designed the 1870 courthouse in the Second Empire style; the building, which featured a mansard roof and a projecting entrance pavilion, was Myers only Second Empire work. The 1870 courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, but it was demolished later that year as insufficient for the countys needs; despite its demolition, it remains listed on the National Register. The present courthouse was completed the following year, though by 2008, it was also reported to have insufficient space for the county&#39;s needs.</p><br>
<p>The D.H. Anderson House is a historic house located at 315 East Locust in Maquoketa, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>This is one of several houses in town that are noteworthy for their quoined corners, a rare architectural feature in Iowa. The 2½-story brick house features an irregular roofline with both hipped and</p><br>
<p>gabled areas, two large chimneys with corbelled chimney pots, and a wrap-around porch. It was built for D. H. Anderson in 1888 in a section of the city known as "Society Hill." These were financial boom years for Maquoketa. Anderson settled here with his parents in 1854, and grew to become a successful businessman. He married Mary L. Goodenow, the daughter of John L. Goodenow, who was known as the "Father of Maquoketa."</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 9, 1991. The D.H. Anderson Building in downtown is also associated with him.</p><br>
<p>The Milton Godard House is a historic building located southwest of Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. This house is considered an excellent example of limestone craftsmanship and design. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 are houses. Very few are in this part of the county, and most are vernacular construction. The Godard house has elements on the Gothic Revival style, especially in the fenestrations. It is also unusual in that it is two different houses built at two different times. Local tradition says that five stonemasons from Germany were brought here to work on the house, and they stayed here for eight years until it was completed. Godard was a Connecticut native who settled here in 1845. His closest neighbors to the south and west at that time were 15 mi away. He donated land to the east of his house in the 1880s for a Methodist church. The church was razed in 1926, but the cemetery remains. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The A.A. Hurst House is a historic residence located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. This house shows the strongest influences of the Prairie School style in town. It was built on the site of a previous house at a time when newer and larger houses were replacing Maquoketa&#39;s older buildings. It was designed by Davenport architect E.G. Holbrook. The two-story house features a low pitched hip roof, broad eaves, paired windows, banded windows in groups, a stuccoed exterior, and a broad porch. Abe A. Hurst was the son of Alfred Hurst, who founded the A. Hurst and Company Lime Works and the company town of Hurstville. In addition to the family business, they were also involved</p><br>
<p>with Maquoketa Electric Light and Power Company. This connection allowed Abe to be involved with the construction of Lakehurst, a hydro dam and power plant, in 1923. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Signals, Crane and Subway are heritage-listed railway infrastructure at Charters Towers railway station, Enterprise Road, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 October 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charters Towers railway station was established in 1882 as the terminus of the Great Northern railway from the port of Townsville to the high-yielding Charters Towers Gold Field (proclaimed in 1871). Although the early buildings on the site have been replaced by late twentieth century structures, the railway yards retain three elements important in illustrating the functioning of this place as the transportation hub of what was Queensland&#39;s largest and wealthiest gold-mining town at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: a rare surviving operational mechanical safety system for managing railway traffic; an uncommon 1890 pedestrian underpass; and a large 10-ton crane also now considered to be rare.</p><br>
<p>Surveying for a railway inland from Townsville to Charters Towers began in 1875; construction commenced in 1879; and the line to Charters Towers was opened on 4 December 1882. Subsequently extended, the line reached Hughenden in 1887, Cloncurry in 1907, and Mount Isa in 1929. A south-west extension from Hughenden reached Winton in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The railway to Charters Towers boosted the towns prosperity by lowering the cost of supplies and building materials. Branch lines and sidings radiated out from the railway station to the various gold mines around the municipality, which boomed during the 1880s. Charters Towers continued to prosper throughout the depressed economic conditions of the 1890s with a peak production of 319,572 ounces of gold in 1899, and a population of around 26,500 the same year. After 1899 there was a steady decline in gold production. In 1912 the Warden reported that the extreme depth for profitable mining had been reached, and most mines had been abandoned by 1916. The last of the big mines, the Brilliant Extended, closed in 1917, but small mining operations continued to be serviced by the Venus battery, which was owned by the Queensland government from 1919. By 1921 Charters Towers population had decreased to 5,682.</p><br>
<p>The history of the Charters Towers railway station reflects the rise and fall of the city, and the station was once a substantial complex. In 1901, the railway yards north of Gill Street included an office and refreshment room with a carriage shade over the tracks; a carriage shed and two engine sheds; a coal stage, workshops, kerosene store, sheep yards, several residences and a number of sidings. There were two sets of railway gates across Gill Street. South of Gill Street by 1905 there was a goods shed, another engine shed, a 2-ton crane, a pedestrian overbridge, and more sidings. By 1985 there were also two signal cabins, located at each end of the old station building, plus a signalling hut near the pedestrian underpass. The signal frame once operated in two parts, and was relocated from elsewhere in the yard when the new station building was constructed in the mid 1980s, and the new signal cabin was commissioned in 1987. All of the early buildings and the sidings to various gold mines have been removed.</p><br>
<p>Although the railway station complex is much smaller than in its heyday, evidence of its former importance survives in the form of a multitude of short sidings in the yards, and the mechanical interlocking system. In addition, an 1890 concrete subway for pedestrian traffic, constructed adjacent to the south-west end of the station building at what was then known as the Queenton Crossing, still exists. The station has also operated a 10-ton crane at various times. The existing 10-ton crane, with a small timber platform, stands south-west of the Gill Street crossing and is similar to a smaller Ransomes and Rapier 5-ton crane supplied to Yuleba in 1902 (not extant). The Charters Towers crane may date from the same period. Hand operated, it was one of heaviest cranes used by Queensland Railways, and it is a rare example of its type and capacity, comparable to other large cranes at Jandowae, Trinity Wharf in Cairns, and Cloncurry.</p><br>
<p>Before railway "safeworking" systems were computerised and centralised in Queensland, mechanical signals were controlled from signal cabins, which dealt with the traffic on a particular block of railway line. Signal cabins coordinated signals that indicated whether or not a section of track was clear of other traffic. Early signals were mechanical, while later signals were operated electrically. The most common form of mechanical signal was the semaphore signal. These consisted of a metal framed tower with one or more arms that could be inclined at different angles, with the arm at the horizontal signalling "danger", or do not proceed. Mechanical signals were usually worked by a wire cable running from the signal box, although electrical or hydraulic operation could be used for more distant signals. At night, lights were necessary, and kerosene lamps with movable coloured spectacles displayed different colours, including green (proceed), yellow (prepare to find next signal red), and red (stop). Later, electrical coloured lights were used. Smaller points indicator signals, which confirmed whether or not points had been switched, could be used for shunting within a railway yard, and the most common form was the rotating disk signal. These could also contain a kerosene lamp for night operation.</p><br>
<p>To coordinate signals so that is impossible to give a "clear" signal to a train unless the route is actually clear, the signals could be interlocked. An interlocked yard is a railway yard where semaphore or coloured light signals are controlled in such a way that the signals will not allow a train to proceed unless the points that operate in conjunction with the signals are correctly set. A mechanical interlocking device, located under a mechanical signal frame, is a system of rods, sliding bars and levers that are configured so that points cannot be changed in conflict, thus preventing movements that may cause a collision or other accident. For example, unless two levers for a section of main line running past a loop siding are set to "stop" (clearing that section of main line), then a third lever controlling the points for the loop siding cannot be moved, and any train on the siding cannot enter the main line.</p><br>
<p>Large levers on the signal frame enabled operators to manually move points, signals or crossing gates. The earliest designs used various ingenious and patented methods to interlock the levers. In later electro-mechanical interlocking, where the points and signals were moved by electricity or electro-pneumatically, the signal frames had much smaller levers. Every interlocking installation is individual and unique to the location controlled, and the location and configuration of signal frames at a particular train station may vary over time, as needs change.</p><br>
<p>McKenzie and Holland (originally McKenzie, Clunes & Holland) were one of the earliest signalling contractors in Britain and supplied many railway companies. In 1873 they introduced a new design of lever frame that would set the style of all frames to come. A dogleg on the shape of the levers allowed them to stand upright in the frame when in the normal position, which made them easier for a signalman to reach. The style of locking mechanism used by McKenzie and Holland from 1873 was known as cam and soldier locking, but cam and t-bar locking was introduced in 1886, and in the early 1890s McKenzie and Holland adopted tappet locking.</p><br>
<p>At the International Exhibition in Sydney in 1880, Arthur Orpen Herbert, the Commissioner for Queensland Railway, was impressed by a display of McKenzie and Holland interlocking machines. Queensland ordered equipment for Roma Street and Ipswich stations and this arrived in October 1881. Charters Towers initially needed a complex interlocking system because of its gradient, and the system of tram tracks that used to run to the station from various mine sites. A number of dead-end lines or "traps" were necessary as "roll away" protection for loose wagons. Although 169 Queensland railway stations had interlocking by 1918, mechanical interlocking technology eventually became obsolete, as electrical interlocking or electro- pneumatic systems replaced it. Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) signalling systems now control most of the network. This is an electronic version of interlocking where the signals and points controlling movement, and the allocation of a block of track to a particular train, are operated from a remote location by computer.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The railway station is located near the intersection of Enterprise Road and Gill Street (the main street of Charters Towers) and a pedestrian underpass runs under the railway line where it crosses Gill Street. The Charters Towers railway station now consists of a flat-roofed 1980s office building and bitumen paved concrete platform, located north-east of the east end of Gill Street. There are other modern structures around the railway yards, but these and the 1980s office building are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. However, located with the office building is the signal cabin, and located within the signal cabin is a mechanical signal frame of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The fully interlocking McKenzie and Holland 20-lever mechanical signal frame in the signal cabin at the Charters Towers Railway Station is a rare surviving example of an operational mechanical safety system for managing railway traffic. The levers on the signal frame work an underfloor interlocking mechanism which is linked to points (tapering rails, used to transfer the train from one set of tracks to another), points indicators, crossing lights and signals around the railway station. The signalling equipment is located both sides of the Gill Street crossing, and a 10-ton crane south-west of the crossing also remains as a reminder that Charters Towers was once a thriving gold-mining town.</p><br>
<p>Although most of Queensland&#39;s railway signalling is controlled by computers, the interlocking system at Charters Towers is still controlled from a McKenzie and Holland low-level duplex tappet signal frame, numbered 21, which was manufactured in Melbourne. Its underfloor mechanism uses the duplex tappet system, with 5 inches between levers, similar to the frame at Ascot railway station in Brisbane, whereas the frame at the Kuranda Railway Station uses t-bar interlocking. The current 20-lever signal frame manipulates the points and signals of the station. Warning bells sound as a train approaches the station, and staff set the required levers to guide a train through the station or into a siding. The levers operate the points either manually, by long metal pull rods, or by activating an electric motor to change the points, while the semaphore signals are controlled by wires connected to the signal frame. Electric light signals and crossing lights are also operated from the signal frame.</p><br>
<p>A metal key, in the shape of a small metal rod, can be removed from a lock attached to the signal frame. This immobilises the signal frame levers, and the key can be used to unlock a smaller mechanical ground frame to the north-east of the station. This key lockout system is rare. The ground frame at Charters Towers, north-east of the station, has two levers on a small metal platform, and is used to control access to a siding.</p><br>
<p>The significant elements within the heritage boundary are as follows:</p><br>
<h3>Signal frame, interlocking mechanism, and connecting rods and cables</h3><br>
<p>Located in the signal cabin of the station, the McKenzie and Holland mechanical signal frame consists of 20 large red, blue and black levers, each tagged with a metal plate listing its number and function. The levers pivot between forward and back positions in a curved metal frame, with slots for each lever. Each segment of the frame between the levers is embossed with the words "McKenzie & Holland Melbourne". The interlocking mechanism is concealed under the floor of the cabin. Long metal rods with metal guides run north-east alongside the platform from the signal cabin to a set of points near the end of the platform. These rods mechanically link the signal cabin to the points, and to the nearby semaphore and points indicator. Cables also run to two semaphore towers south-west of Gill Street.</p><br>
<h3>Points, points indicators, and semaphore towers</h3><br>
<p>At the north-east end of the platform is a metal semaphore tower with a lantern, a set of points, and a points indicator. The points indicator is a lamp contained in a red and white painted metal box, and wire cables and a chain connected to the points activate the semaphore arm. Further along the track to the north-east are two sets of points, both controlled by electrical motors activated by lever 11 of the signal frame in the signal cabin. To the south-west of Gill Street are three sets of semi-trailable points - which either can be manually operated or can allow trains through before resetting themselves; three points indicators (black box with white chevrons); and two cable-operated semaphore towers.</p><br>
<h3>Electric light signals</h3><br>
<p>There are two signal poles north-east of the platform. These originally carried signal arms and kerosene lanterns, but they now display electrical lights. The lights at the level crossing are also controlled from the signal frame.</p><br>
<h3>Ground frames</h3><br>
<p>North-east of the platform, beyond the two electric light signals and the first set of electrically operated points, is a mechanical ground frame with two large levers. This activates two points for a dead-end siding south of the main lines. The most southern of these points, activated by a metal rod running from the ground frame, is attached to a points indicator consisting of a revolving red disk and a lantern.</p><br>
<h3>Pedestrian underpass</h3><br>
<p>Just to the south-west of the station building, but north of Gill Street, is a concrete pedestrian underpass (1890). Stairs descend at each end to an ovoid tunnel, which is truncated along its base by a pathway. Concrete walls with capping mark either entrance.</p><br>
<h3>Crane</h3><br>
<p>The large metal crane, on a concrete base, stands south-west of Gill Street, south of the main railway lines. It is surrounded by a small timber platform. A metal plate on the bottom of the crane reads "To Lift 10 tons".</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Signals, Crane and Subway at Charters Towers Railway Station were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 October 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The fully interlocking McKenzie and Holland 20-lever mechanical signal frame (established s and now located in a modern signal cabin) at the Charters Towers Railway Station, along with its associated underfloor mechanism, linkages, points, points indicators, and signals, both mechanically and electrically operated, is evidence of the evolution of signals technology and railway safety systems in Queensland. The manually operated two-lever ground frame, signals and points are also significant as examples of mechanical signalling technology.</p><br>
<p>The system of interlocked signals is surviving evidence of the former size and complexity of the Charters Towers Railway Station and yards. The multitude of sidings, which required interlocked signals, was a product of the extensive mining and commercial activity in Charters Towers during the late nineteenth century. The presence of a pedestrian underpass (1890), usually a feature of large metropolitan railway stations, also is evidence of the extent of activity at the Charters Towers Railway Station when Charters Towers was Queensland&#39;s largest and wealthiest gold-mining town.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The interlocking and signalling equipment at the Charters Towers Railway Station is a rare surviving example of a mechanically operated railway safety system. The 10-ton crane is a rare example of a large crane formerly used by Queensland Railways, and the concrete pedestrian tunnel is also an uncommon nineteenth century example of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The interlocked signalling system is a good surviving example of how train safety was managed prior to the advent of computerised systems. Each aspect of the system, from the signal frame&#39;s levers and its key lock-out system, through its linkages to the various points, points indicators and signals, demonstrates the functioning of early signals technology and its safety mechanisms. The interlocking system enabled humans to mechanically manipulate the signals, while precluding the possibility of collisions caused by human error.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers School of Mines is a heritage-listed school of mines at 24 - 26 Hodgkinson Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The School of Mines was established in 1899 by the local Mining Institute, through public subscription, on one of the most important mineral fields in Australia. A timber structure on a government reserve, it was taken over and expanded by the Queensland Government in 1900 into a highly regarded technical institution.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers was established as a gold field in 1872. The gold was not alluvial, but in the form of downward sloping reefs of gold bearing ore. As time went on it became necessary to dig deeper and deeper shafts to extract the gold which required the formation of companies to provide sufficient capital. The mid 1880s saw a major boom in speculation on mining shares following the display of Charters Towers gold at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London and the finding of the Brilliant Reef in 1889. By drawing people and capital into North Queensland and by developing into an important centre, Charters Towers was to play an important role in the opening up of north Queensland as a whole. It was, at its peak, the second town in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Possibly because of the richness of the ore at Charters Towers, some of the mines were run without much regard for the most efficient and modern methods. As geologist J. Malcolm McLaren noted in his Queensland Mining and Milling Practice in 1901, many had been established before metallurgy became an exact science. Towards the end of the century, there was considerable interest in improving methods in what had become a very important industry in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Agitation for technical education in mining methods in Charters Towers began in the 1880s. A Government Mineralogical Officer, Mr A.W. Clarke, was appointed in 1887, and in the following year a School of Mines Committee was set up to meet the government&#39;s offer of a pound for pound subsidy to establish a school. They were unable to collect sufficient funds and the scheme was temporarily abandoned with Clarke being recalled in 1892.</p><br>
<p>In 1896 a Mine and Mill Manager&#39;s Association was formed. Meetings were held monthly at the old Town Hall where papers on subjects connected with mining were presented and discussed. It soon became apparent that few members of the association, most of whom had practical rather than theoretical knowledge, could understand the more technical papers. This gave impetus to a renewed interest in establishing a technical school to teach subjects related to mining along the lines of the noted School of Mines in Ballarat and Otago.</p><br>
<p>It was decided to erect a building to be used as a Mining Institute, and a public subscription was taken up to finance the project, raising £1,500 for the building and equipment. A foundation stone was laid by Edward David Miles on Friday 3 March 1899 and was used as one of the stumps supporting the timber building. The school opened in the same year, teaching mathematics, surveying, assaying, chemistry and mineralogy and was governed by the Council of the Institute. Although there was an enrolment of between sixty and seventy students, attendance fell away as the year progressed and by the end of the year only two students remained. Although the experiment had failed, the need for technical instruction remained and the Institute approached the government who agreed to take over the school. The £1,500 pounds expended was refunded and used to refurbish the Institute&#39;s headquarters in Bow Street.</p><br>
<p>A director for the School of Mines was appointed in October 1900 and immediately travelled to Charters Towers to inspect the Mining Institute buildings and to assess what alterations were needed. He made sketch plans used by the Queensland Government Architect to design additions and alterations which cost £700 and were carried out by local builder, B.Toll. The Director also appointed staff and purchased the necessary equipment to create an up-to-date technical school. Classes began in 1901, although work on the building was not quite complete. The school had lecture rooms for geology and chemistry, assaying and chemistry laboratories, a balance room, mechanical drawing and survey department, an office, two private rooms for lecturers, a storeroom and outbuildings. The first director was W.A. McLeod, a graduate of the New Zealand University and the Otago School of Mines. He was responsible only to the Minister and was given considerable freedom to formulate policy. A firm believer in giving working men an opportunity to advance in their industry, he had lectures repeated in the evening which allowed working miners to attend the School. At the time, this was considered a "novel" scheme and is believed to have been unique in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Response to the new school was good and in 1903 the building was extended eastwards to include a reading room and office. The new section incorporated rectilinear sash windows instead of the round-headed sash windows of the original building and a new hip roof form.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, McLeod, having set the curriculum, left to become manager of the Brilliant Extended Mine. W.Poole was the second director and made the school into a highly regarded educational institution. His success is demonstrated in the substantial new additions made to the western section of the school in January 1907. These included a drawing office, lecture preparation room and new laboratory. The existing assay laboratory was also extended with balance rooms.</p><br>
<p>Although the School of Mines was flourishing, the Charters Towers field was in decline, having reached its peak in 1899. By 1912 many people were leaving the town and in 1916 the field closed. The school continued to produce a small, but highly regarded, stream of graduates who were to distinguish themselves in many branches of the mining industry, both in Queensland and further afield.</p><br>
<p>The School of Mines eventually closed in 1925 after it was taken over by the Department of Education. By this time the building had more than doubled its original size and formed a complex around a courtyard. In 1964, the connection between the front half of the building and the rear were severed.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 the Queensland Public Works Department planned to remove the main portion of the building retaining only the rear portion as a manual training section for the High School. After strong reaction by the residents of Charters Towers, the department leased the building to the National Trust of Queensland which undertook works to permit occupancy. It is currently sub-leased to the Department of Environment and Skillshare.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The School of Mines stands next to the Court House on a government reserve. It is a single story building, timber framed and clad on concrete stumps with a corrugated iron roof. One of the stumps at the front of the building is the foundation stone laid by E.D. Miles. Its current position helps to demonstrate that the building has been considerably extended during its life. Much of the School of Mines is of single skin construction. The front portion is approximately 30 x 20 metres with two small projections remaining from the wings, one of which contains toilets and a tea room. The rear block is 30 x 10 metres with part of one wing still attached. Most rooms in both blocks have high ceilings and good natural light from windows and roof lights. They are plainly but robustly detailed.</p><br>
<p>Although many of the partitions have been moved around during the life of the building, it is fairly intact and incorporates much of the original linings and joinery. The floors are timber except for the concrete floor in the former furnace room. The former school is used as offices and training rooms. Unsympathetic metal security grilles and an obtrusive air-conditioning system have been added.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The School of Mines at Charters Towers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The School of Mines is located on what was one of Australia&#39;s most productive gold fields and reflects the importance of the mining industry to the development of north Queensland. It demonstrates the role of the Government in mining education at the turn of the century by its location on a government reserve and its adaptation by the Department of Works. Its success in the early years of the twentieth century is shown by the series of extensions to the building and its facilities.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic qualities which are well regarded by the community and which make a contribution to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has special association with the ideas of W.A. McLeod, the first Director and with the many important figures in mining who were graduates of this school.</p><br>
<p>Ay Ot Lookout is a heritage-listed villa at 63 Hodgkinson Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William White and built in the 1890s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ay Ot Lookout was erected in the 1890s, when Charters Towers was experiencing an economic boom, and is one of a number of substantial residences constructed during that period, including Thornburgh House and the former Pfeiffer House.</p><br>
<p>Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers became the richest of the North Queensland mining fields. The field was proclaimed a municipality in 1877. The construction of the Great Northern railway created easy access to the port at Townsville, solving the problem of high freight costs experienced by many other mining fields. Charters Towers gold was in deep reefs and the equipment needed to extract and process it was financed by substantial southern and overseas investment. The town became a prosperous centre providing employment for a considerable number of people. About 2,500 children were being educated in several schools, there were eight churches, three newspapers, two iron foundries, a hospital, fire brigade, jockey club and gasworks. In the late 1880s and 1890s, handsome public buildings rose to replace the modest structures of the early township. Gold output peaked in 1899, as did a population of 26,500. Several wealthy citizens built substantial homes in the town. Frederick Pfeiffer, owner of the Day Dawn mine, erected his house some time after 1882 and mining magnate E. H. T. Plant had built the opulent villa, Thornburgh, by 1890.</p><br>
<p>The Deed of Grant for the land on which Ay Ot Lookout stands was issued to John Brown in 1880, but he sold it soon afterwards to Felix McElroy, who in turn sold to Henry Collins in 1885. The date of construction of Ay Ot Lookout is uncertain, but it is believed to have been built for Thomas Smith who purchased the property in September 1895. Smith, a mill manager, took out a mortgage of £2000 in August 1897 which may have been connected with the construction of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by William White, who was born in Cornwall, England, and qualified as a mining surveyor in Bendigo. He arrived in Charters Towers in 1887 and during the 1890s also practised as a land surveyor and architect. In 1900 he became an instructor at the School of Mines. He died in Charters Towers on 17 March 1911.</p><br>
<p>Ay Ot Lookout was sold in February 1904 to Herbert Foxlee, a prosperous merchant who owned shops conveniently close to the house. Foxlee is thought to have named his new home after his childhood home Ay Ot Farm in Hertfordshire, England. The Foxlee family have been the longest occupants of the house, owning it until it was sold to Charles Brownson in 1952.</p><br>
<p>By the time the property was purchased by John and Dorothy Scott in May 1968 the house had become run down. The Scotts put the house into good repair during the nine years that they owned the property and also amassed a large collection of antique furniture from the Charters Towers district. This was auctioned off before the house was sold in 1977, in spite of community appeals to all levels of government to purchase the house and the collection.</p><br>
<p>Ay Ot Lookout was sold to Mount Leyshon Gold Mines Limited in the 1980s and is now used as a club for their employees and is opened to visitors as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ay Ot Lookout is located on the corner of Hodgkinson and High Streets, one block away from the business centre along Gill Street.</p><br>
<p>The two storey house is constructed of timber with an exposed stud frame which has been used to decorative effect and has a complex gabled roof clad in corrugated iron. The wide verandahs on both levels have ornate cast iron balustrading and timber handrails. The supporting posts are timber with timber capitals and brackets. There is a deep valancing between the floors. The front of the house has a bay in the verandah at both levels next to the main entrance. This is marked by a square porch which extends beyond the verandah and rises through the upper storey, so that it resembles a tower. The front door, surmounted by a large semicircular fanlight, opens into an entrance foyer; a large area with a chequerboard black and white Italian marble floor, a turned timber staircase and panelled ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The workmanship in the house is of high quality and the internal joinery is cedar. The ground floor rooms have high ceilings and there are fireplaces to the drawing and dining rooms. The kitchens have been remodelled and modernised. The house has a small cellar. To the rear of the house there is an attached single storey structure with a chimney which was probably a kitchen annexe.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ay Ot Lookout was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers, as an extraordinarily rich goldfield, made a major contribution to the economy of Queensland and to the development of the North in the late 19th century. Ay Ot lookout, as a large and elegant villa, demonstrates the wealth and confidence of Charters Towers at the height of its prosperity, when many high quality buildings were constructed in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Ay Ot Lookout is important as a good example of a fashionable villa of its era.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic value as a competent architectural design in a late Victorian style which is generally well liked by the community. That this is so is evidenced by the public concern for its preservation voiced in the Charters Towers media in the 1970s and beyond.</p><br>
<p>Thornburgh House is a heritage-listed villa at 57 - 59 King Street, Richmond Hill, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1889. It is also known as Thornburgh and Thornburgh College. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thornburgh House is a two storey brick villa constructed in 1890 for Charters Towers mining magnate Edmund Harris Thornburgh Plant. It became a boarding school in 1919, a function which continues to the present day.</p><br>
<p>Plant arrived in Australia, aged 17, in 1862 after living briefly in America. He initially worked on a rural property before turning to prospecting in the southern and central mining fields then moving to the newly discovered Ravenswood field in 1869. He took out a mining lease on the productive Black Jack Reef and erected the first ore-crushing battery, the Vulcan Mill, in 1870. Soon after, Plant was amongst the first on the newly discovered Charters Towers field and erected the Venus Mill in 1873. In addition to his successes in Charters Towers and Ravenswood, he also had interests in the Hodgkinson and Palmer fields and in copper, tin and wolfram production in other northern mining areas.</p><br>
<p>Plant made a major contribution to the development of mining in north Queensland. Charters Towers was a field of astonishing richness and at its peak accounted for more than a third of Queensland&#39;s entire gold production as new technologies requiring corporate capital took over from the hand methods of individual miners and small syndicates. Plant not only owned crushing mills, but entered into public affairs in a wide range of areas; as a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and Queensland Legislative Council, as Chairman of the Dalrymple Shire Council and Divisional Board for nine consecutive years, and on a variety of boards ranging from the Townsville Harbour Board to those responsible for the local water supply and hospital.</p><br>
<p>In the year before construction on Thornburgh began, Plant and his family spent 12 months visiting England; a practice not uncommon for wealthy Australians who wished to collect ideas and furnishings for a projected residence. It is not surprising that when it was finished, Thornburgh was described by the Northern Miner as "the handsomest and most convenient dwelling house in the North". The paper also noted with approval that apart from two mantelpieces brought from England, most of the materials used in the building itself were made in North Queensland. The two storeyed home, located on Plant&#39;s Ridge, was not only large, handsome and tastefully decorated, but incorporated some innovative ideas. These included an inner roof of Willesden paper intended to allow air drawn through mesh under the roof to circulate between it and the roof proper thus cooling the building. An unlimited supply of water piped through the house was provided by means of an elevated tank supplied by steam pump from the dam of the Bonnie Dundee Mine which Plant owned and which the house overlooked. Electricity was also supplied.</p><br>
<p>The basement to the house contained, besides storage space, wine cellar and larder, a children&#39;s playroom with a concreted area for them to use as a skating rink.</p><br>
<p>To the rear was a separate servants section which contained a kitchen, servants hall, three bedrooms and a bathroom. Plant also employed a large grounds staff and by 1919 when the house was sold, the extensive gardens and mature trees formed an oasis of greenery in the parched environment of Charters Towers and were an important part of the town landscape.</p><br>
<p>Although gold production on the field peaked in 1899 at an impressive 337,000 ounces, it soon became clear that these grades did not continue at depth and by 1920 only one mine was still operational. People, businesses and even the more portable buildings, moved away from the town. Property prices fell and the availability of large redundant buildings in a town servicing a wide area and connected to major centres by rail suggested the possibility of schools to several churches. In 1918, as Plant approached retirement and was increasingly involved in his pastoral property near Ingham, he put Thornburgh up for sale.</p><br>
<p>Representatives of the Methodist and Presbyterian Churches had already met to consider establishing a college for North Queensland students under the auspices of the two churches. They approached Plant about the purchase of Thornburgh, but the Anglican Sisters in Townsville were also interested in the property and so an option was quickly secured by the Reverend Robert Bacon to purchase the house for £3,000 in November 1918. The newly formed school committee placed £50 as a holding deposit.</p><br>
<p>Thornburgh College, a school for boys, began classes on 16 June 1919 with John Frederick Ward, MA, of Prince Alfred College, Adelaide, as Principal. The school was officially opened by Rev Dr Henry Youngman, President General of the Methodist Church of Australia, on 23 April 1920. By the Golden Jubilee Year in 1969, more than 2,500 boys had been educated at the college.</p><br>
<p>A gift of £1000 from a Mr William Robert Black and generous contributions from the public made it possible for Rev. Bacon to establish a girls&#39; school in "Yelvertoft", the former home of Mr J Mitchell. The college was opened in 1920 and given the name of Blackheath College as a tribute to Mr Black. Senior girls attended Thornburgh College until January 1921 when Blackheath Principal, Miss J. E. Bullow, began her illustrious eighteen-year career with the College. Blackheath was officially opened on 16 June 1921 by Rev J Cosh, Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland. The two schools were run by a single College Council although they appear to have had separate administration and financial structures.</p><br>
<p>Because Thornburgh was locally run, all funds had to be raised through the school and the community. A fundraising campaign was begun on 2 December 1918 by the College Council and secured £50,000 over the next twelve years. In 1919 the College Council was able to purchase the abandoned dam and tailings area below the house, which had been part of Plant&#39;s Bonnie Dundee Mill, and by 1922 had developed it into a sports field. In 1920, in order to provide additional dormitories and a new bathroom upstairs and a larger dining room downstairs, some modifications were made. These included extending the verandahs and enclosing the western verandah. In 1923 a new building containing a dining room and dormitory was constructed and the former Thornburgh dining room was converted to classrooms.</p><br>
<p>Ownership of the School passed to the Presbyterian Assembly and Methodist Conference in 1932 during the Depression when the local College Council found it difficult to keep the school running as student numbers fell. Matters began to improve with the appointment in 1939 of a new Principal, T.R. McKenzie. To boost morale and raise the profile of the school in the community, he, his wife and the school staff carried out cleaning, repainting and minor improvements to the college during the 1939-1940 Christmas break. The school building itself was not requisitioned during the War for military use, though an American anti-aircraft battery, machine gun emplacements and communications systems were installed around the margins of the school ovals.</p><br>
<p>The College experienced another slump during the 1960s and 70s. and the Presbyterian and Methodist Schools Association relinquished financial management of Thornburgh College to a Provisional Board of Governors. On the 5 September 1978 the Board of Governors of Blackheath and Thornburgh College was elected and final control of the College was passed to them on 31 December 1978. The school had become run down and a group of parents and friends undertook to repaint the house in this year. The grounds established by Plant continued to be cared for and enhanced by the College and during the 1940s emphasis was placed on developing the garden. Unfortunately, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, as the College expanded and new buildings were constructed, much of the original gardens were lost.</p><br>
<p>As part of a rationalisation process, the campuses of Blackheath and Thornburgh were combined on the Thornburgh site between 1979 and 1982. A decision was made to demolish Thornburgh House, but was not implemented as it was found that the cost of new buildings would be greater than that of restoring the old. In 1985-1987 classrooms in Thornburgh House were repaired and by 1987 plans were in place to restore the house. During restoration, rooms were provided for past students, for archives and for the school governors. Areas were also set aside for teaching, displays and for the presentation of the performing arts. Work on the building was completed in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Thornburgh House faces east and is located within the grounds of Blackheath and Thornburgh College close to the main entrance gates on King Street. The house stands on a rise overlooking the school ovals and across the city to the central business district of Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>It is a two storey building of rendered masonry with a roof clad in corrugated iron and deep verandahs to three sides. The verandahs are supported by timber posts, linked by cast iron friezes and cast iron panels in a simple geometric design topped by timber handrails. Between the two storeys are valances of timber lattice within broad timber frames. The ground floor is reached by two sets of concrete steps, that to the main entrance leading into the hall. On the ground floor there are two large rooms with deep bay windows accessed from this hallway and from the verandahs. These were the former dining and drawing rooms and have high plaster ceilings, ornate cornices and imported carved mantelpieces. The main staircase leading from the entrance hall is graceful in form with cast metal balustrades supporting a sinuously curved timber handrail which is constructed of cedar, as is the majority of joinery in the house. French doors lead from almost all rooms onto the wide verandahs and most rooms have fireplaces. There is a second, simple staircase towards the rear of the house which originally linked the former childrens school room to bedrooms at the rear of the upper floor. The house also has a basement, which originally housed a childrens play room, skating rink and store room.</p><br>
<p>The former Servants Quarters is a single storey brick building located on slightly more elevated land to the rear of the house. It is divided into six rooms with an awning along the front elevation, creating a shaded verandah.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Thornburgh House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Thornburgh, constructed in 1890 as a home for mining magnate E.H.T. Plant, demonstrates the fluctuations in fortune attendant upon goldfields and the ways in which some depleted fields were able to create new economic lives through different ventures. Charters Towers was an extraordinarily rich goldfield and Thornburgh, as a large and opulent villa, was a product of the towns richest era when many high quality buildings were constructed. As an important boarding school in the north it demonstrates the way in which redundant buildings and the well developed infrastructure of Charters Towers allowed the town to find a new role as an educational centre.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although Thornburgh has undergone some modifications for use as a school, it is still a good example of a high quality, well detailed and fashionable villa of its era and was designed by one of North Queensland &#39;s leading architectural firms.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It&#39;s aesthetic qualities were much admired when it was new and it is still well liked in both form and detail by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Since its inception the College has set high standards and has become one of the leading boarding schools in North Queensland. It has strong connections with the Presbyterian and Methodist Churches, the community of Charters Towers and the very many people who taught or who were educated there.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Thornburgh House as a home is associated with the life and work of Edmund Plant, an important figure in mining in Charters Towers. As an educational institution, it is particularly associated with the life and works of the Reverend Robert Bacon, who established the school, and the first two principals, Mr J.F. Ward and Miss J.E. Bullow, both endowed with the rare combination of scholastic gifts and organisational ability and to whom the subsequent high reputation of the school owed much.</p><br>
<p>Pfeiffer House is a heritage-listed detached house at 2-6 Paull Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and Day Dawn House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building currently the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was constructed as a private residence by Charters Towers mining magnate Frederick Pfeiffer in close to his gold mine.</p><br>
<p>Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers became the richest of the North Queensland mining fields. It was proclaimed a municipality in 1877 and the construction of the Great Northern railway created easy access to the port at Townsville, solving the problem of high freight costs experienced by many other mining fields. Charters Towers gold was in deep reefs and the equipment needed to extract and process it was financed by substantial southern and overseas investment. The town became a prosperous centre providing employment for a considerable number of people. In the late 1880s and 1890s, handsome public buildings rose to replace the modest structures of the early township.</p><br>
<p>Friedrich (Frederick) Pfeiffer, a German immigrant, first visited Australian in 1851 as an apprentice on a cargo ship. In 1856 he abandoned seafaring at Melbourne and set out for the Victorian gold fields. After eighteen years of mining in Victoria, New South Wales and New Zealand, Pfeiffer moved to Charters Towers in 1874. In 1878, Pfeiffer and other members of the Day Dawn mining syndicate struck a reef of high grade ore. It was the first consistently large gold producer on the Charters Towers field. By 1903, when Pfeiffer died, the Day Dawn had produced £1,200,000 worth of gold. Becoming a limited company in 1887, it was sold to English interests, making Pfeiffer a very rich man who was to continue major interests in other mines.</p><br>
<p>When Pfeiffer first arrived in Charters Towers he set up a tent on what was to become known as the Day Dawn Ridge, close to the entrance to his mine. He built his house on the same site and it was probably completed in time for this marriage to Mary Donovan on 1 February 1882. This possibility is supported by the fact that a managers house was built for his company to a design by J Longden in October 1881 and Pfeiffers house appears on a survey plan of 12 December 1882. Longden worked as a mining engineer and architect in Charters Towers between and 1879 and 1882 and designed the first St Columbas Church. It is possible that he also designed Pfeiffers house.</p><br>
<p>The house, built using an exposed frame timber construction technique, is thought to be the oldest house of this type in Charters Towers and one of the oldest in North Queensland. The house has been both reduced and added to during its life, although it may have been built a single row of rooms surrounded by verandahs. Despite the simplicity of its early design, the house was the grandest private residence in Charters Towers when built, something easily forgotten when far more ostentatious houses were built during the boom years of the 1890s and which, at the time of Pfeiffer&#39;s death, was considered "unpretending" for a man of his position. Its placement near the mine suggests that ready access to it was considered more important than any inconvenience caused by noise or dust.</p><br>
<p>Pfeiffer, as was the case with other major mine owners or investors, became a prominent figure in Charters Towers society. He served as chairman of the hospital board for fifteen years, was a founder and benefactor of the Lutheran church, honorary Major of the Kennedy Regiment and was well known for his generosity towards community organisations and those in need. When he died in 1903 flags flew at half mast in the town. The Stock Exchange suspended its mid day call as a mark of respect on the day of the funeral, which many of the leading mining and business figures in Charters Towers attended.</p><br>
<p>In order for his executors to wind up his affairs, a miners homestead lease covering the site of the house was applied for and granted in 1915 as MHL 8206. At the time improvements to this site consisted of a "large house, store room, stables, coach house, mens quarters, office etc." valued at £8000. The gold output of the field peaked in 1899; however, it soon became clear that these grades did not continue at depth and by 1920 only one mine was still operational. People, businesses and even the more portable buildings, moved away from the town. In 1923 the house was sold at auction for only £950, a reflection of sharply reduced property values following the decline of the field. Over the years it changed hands a number of times and was also leased. The lease granted to John Ratten in 1937 details the extent of the house which had 4 bedrooms, sitting, dining and breakfast rooms, a kitchen, back and front verandahs and a wash house.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1981. By this time it was in poor condition and demolition was proposed to make way for a new church building. However considerable community support for the retention of the house was raised by newspaper articles on its history and the Church decided to retain and repair the building, adapting it for church use. There was considerable local input during this project which won a National Trust award. The building was dedicated as a church on 24 April 1983. In 1994 the Church received a Deed of Grant which replaced the Miner&#39;s Homestead Lease for the property.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Pfeiffer house stands on Day Dawn Ridge on gently sloping land and is a single storey timber building, L-shaped in plan, with an exposed stud frame. It is encircled by verandahs and is on low stumps, being raised slightly on the northern side. The roof is of an unusual form, having 3 parallel gables with a barrel vaulted hall placed between them, all roofed in corrugated iron. The verandahs have a convex corrugated iron awning supported by timber posts with fretwork brackets and square section timber balustrades. The south west verandah has been built in and has a brick chimney.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is reached by concrete steps and a cedar door with sidelights gives on to a hallway with a barrel vaulted ceiling with end panels of coloured glass. The re-use of the building for church purposes has caused very little change to the layout of the rooms. The former dining room to the right of the hall is a classroom area and a kitchen with a chimney. To the left of the entrance hall are two large linked rooms, formerly a drawing room and now used as a chapel. Towards the rear is a meeting room. At the rear, the verandah and a toilet block frame a courtyard area which contains a baptismal font.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Pfeiffer House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers, as an extraordinarily rich goldfield, made a major contribution to the economy of Queensland and to the development of the North in the late 19th century. The former Pfeiffer house, a substantial residence built for a wealthy mine owner within a decade of the proclamation of the field, demonstrates this success. It is also an illustration of the wealth of Charters Towers that this house was thought of as comparatively modest by the time of Pfeiffers death in 1903. It marks the site of the Day Dawn mine, a very important one in the citys history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Pfeiffer house is unusual in form and is a rare early example of exposed stud construction in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic value as a residence of competent design and detail which is generally well liked by the community. That this is so is evidenced by the public concern for its preservation voiced when it demolition was proposed in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a close association with the life and work of Frederick Pfeiffer, not only a major figure in the mining industry in Charters Towers, but a public spirited man who was highly regarded in the community. The house was near the entrance to his mine, an illustration of Pfeiffer&#39;s practical attitude to his life as a working miner, as well as mine owner.</p><br>
<p>Bartlam&#39;s Store is a heritage-listed former pair of shops and now museum at Mosman Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1940s. It is also known as Burns Philp & Company Limited and Wright Heaton & Company. It was acquired by the National Trust in 1978, and the Zara Clark Museum was subsequently established in the building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Bartlams store consists of two single-storey brick buildings which have been converted for a single occupancy. They formed part of an important commercial and retail area in Charters Towers in the late 19th century</p><br>
<p>Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers became the richest of the North Queensland mining fields. It was proclaimed a municipality in 1877 and the construction of the Great Northern railway created easy access to the port at Townsville, solving the problem of high freight costs experienced by many other mining fields. Charters Towers gold was in deep reefs and the equipment needed to extract and process it was financed by substantial southern and overseas investment. The town became a prosperous centre providing employment for a considerable number of people. It had several schools, 8 churches, 3 newspapers, 2 iron foundries, a hospital, fire brigade, jockey club and gasworks. In the late 1880s and 1890s, handsome public buildings rose to replace the modest structures of the early township. Gold output peaked in 1899, as did a population of 26,500.</p><br>
<p>The land on which both buildings stand was sold at auction in 1882 as 3 allotments. The corner block, allotment 1, was purchased by William Jackson, who died in 1886 and left the property to be administered by Trustees. In 1898 it was sold to Wright Heaton and Company Limited. They were a large firm of carriers, forwarding agents and produce merchants, formed in New South Wales, who had arrived in Charters Towers in 1882 following the opening of the rail link with Townsville. They initially had premises at the Charters Towers railway station and in 1884 opened a forage store on the corner of Gill and Deane Streets. They are believed to have operated from this site for some years before actually purchasing the property. This building was constructed for them in 1901. In 1907 they leased it to Cummins and Campbell, who initially conducted a similar business, but branched out and by 1916 were describing themselves as wine, spirit and general merchants. After being sold in 1912 to Horace Brown it was purchased in 1916 by William White who opened there the following year as William White & Co. Ltd., also a merchant. In 1925 it was purchased by Bartlam&#39;s Limited, general merchants, who supplied stations in Western Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The adjoining building was built as a branch of the important trading company of Burns, Philp and Company Limited. James Burns had arrived in Brisbane in 1862 with his brother John, who set up a store there, while James worked on a pastoral run. In 1867, James set up a store in Gympie, beginning a long association with mining fields. In 1872 he moved to Townsville and set up his own business there. He was joined in 1874 by Robert Philp who had previously worked for shipping agents in Brisbane. Burns moved to Sydney in 1877 and established himself as an importer and shipping agent, while Philp continued business in the north. In 1883 they formed a company, Burns Philp and Company Limited, registered in Sydney. Within a decade of Burns&#39;s arrival in Townsville, the company dominated trade in North Queensland, supplying a huge range of goods. They also became a major player in Pacific and New Guinea trading.</p><br>
<p>In Charters Towers, Philp entered into a business arrangement with Isidor Lissner, who was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in 1883. Lissner was not considered a good business man by Burns and the Charters Towers branch actually made a substantial loss in the years 1883–1886, apparently due to previous injudicious purchasing. Philp continued to represent the northern interests of the company even after he himself was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1886. Lissner owned Allotment 3 of section 27 in Mosman Street and subdivided it in 1887. Philp acquired subdivision B and purchased Allotment 2 from Martin Thomsen, the original grantee. At the time, the premises of Burns Philp & Co were further along Mosman Street. The company developed rapidly during the boom of the 1880s, although 1888–89 was a difficult time for Charters Towers as drought affected the running of crushing mills which used considerable quantities of water.</p><br>
<p>In 1891 the property was transferred into the name of Burns Philp and Company Limited and a new building, designed by architects Eyre and Munro, was constructed for the company at a cost of £3500. Part of the building was offices and part a store. It was a substantial building with an elaborate facade in keeping with other commercial buildings being erected in Charters Towers and with its neighbour, Wright Heaton and Company.</p><br>
<p>Although gold production on the field peaked in 1899 at an impressive 337,000 ounces, it soon became clear that these grades did not continue at depth and by 1920 only one mine was still operational. People, businesses and even the more portable buildings moved away from the town. The store was sold to Selina Vicks in 1921. Her husband, Thomas Vicks, conducted a grocery store from the premises. From 1926 Burns Philp also had an agency there, eventually moving from the site around 1940 when they obtained premises in Stubley Street. Vicks grocery store closed about the same time and the property was sold in 1944 to Bartlams, who may have been occupying the building before this, though there is no formal lease.</p><br>
<p>Bartlams modified the buildings into a single occupancy. They went into liquidation in 1976 and in 1978 the building was offered for sale. There was concern about the possibility of demolition and in order to prevent this, the building was purchased by the National Trust of Queensland with a bequest from Miss Zara Clark of "Mirtna" Station. The "Zara Clark Museum" began as a transport museum and houses a large local history collection which includes horse-drawn vehicles, agricultural machinery, domestic, mining, and medical artefacts, records and photographs.</p><br>
<p>When the Bartlams store buildings were erected, Mosman Street was dominated by commercial and retail buildings extending from Mary Street at the north to Towers Street at the south. Many of these buildings have since been demolished, and houses now occupy some of the sites on which larger buildings once stood. Bartlam&#39;s store forms the edge of this once continuous row of buildings, and is now important in maintaining some sense of the scale of Mosman Street as a former commercial district.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Bartlams store in Charters Towers comprises two single-storeyed brick and stucco buildings of similar scale and design at the corner of Mosman and Mary Streets.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are similar in size, shape and design. Each has a decorative parapet concealing a gable roof clad with corrugated iron. A street awning supported by cast iron posts extends along the Mosman Street facade and around the corner of Mary Street, although part of the Mary Street elevation is plain and has no awning. Both buildings have a high level storage area inside with delivery doors to the rear which opens into a yard with a loading platform.</p><br>
<p>The former Wright Heaton office on the corner of Mosman and Mary Streets has a corner entrance and sash windows along both streets, suggesting that it was originally designed as offices rather than a store. The former Burns Philp building facing Mosman Street comprises two sections: a shop adjoining the corner building, and an adjacent office - each with its own entrance. The portion of the second building that appears to have been offices contains partitions and doors which are of the same period as the building and are probably original.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is largely intact, although the frame and glass of the shop front window has been replaced and the entrance to the "shop" is now through a glass door. The parapet above the shop front is supported by free-standing columns with the shop window set in behind. The base of the shop front below the window is in cast iron in an unusual fretwork pattern.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Bartlam&#39;s Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers, as an extraordinarily rich goldfield, made a major contribution to the economy of Queensland and to the development of the North. The former Bartlams store has housed several companies supplying essential goods and services to the pastoral and mining industries and who therefore contributed to this development. The elaborate facades reflect the importance of their Charters Towers branch to such companies and the affluence and confidence of the goldfield in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Bartlams store is a good example of late Victorian commercial buildings which combine office and retail functions with practical loading facilities, thereby demonstrating the way in which their business was carried out.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building makes an important visual contribution to Mosman Street and indicates the extent and significance of this business area when Charters Towers was at its most prosperous.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is associated with the important mercantile entity of Burns Philp and Company Limited as a purpose built branch in an important regional centre, and with the firms of Wright Heaton, Bartlams and others who were an essential component in the development of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Australian Bank of Commerce is a heritage-listed former bank building at 86 Mosman Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1891 by Wyatt & Gates. It is also known as The Australian Joint Stock Bank and is now The World Theatre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Australian Bank of Commerce is a substantial masonry building in classical revival style located in the business centre of Charters Towers. It was built in 1891 as the premises of the Australian Joint Stock Bank to the design of Queensland architect FDG Stanley during the boom years of the gold field.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers field was discovered in late 1871 by a prospecting party composed of Hugh Mosman, George Clark, James Fraser and an Aboriginal boy called Jupiter who worked for Mosman. By early 1872 a rush was in progress with an estimated 4,500 people on the field by the end of the year. During this time Charters Towers yielded 91,265 ounces of gold; more than half the total Queensland production.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Joint Stock Bank was established with the discovery of gold in southern states and opened branches on Queensland goldfields as they were discovered. It opened a branch on the Broughton goldfield on 23 April 1872, but soon moved to Charters Towers and then to nearby Millchester, where crushing plants, banks and businesses had begun to cluster. In 1874, following goldfield regulations, a business area was marked out in Charters Towers over an area believed to be non-auriferous. A sub-branch of the bank was opened there on 12 October 1874 and became a full branch in 1876. In 1877, when Charters Towers petitioned for incorporation as a municipality, the business area was defined as covering half a mile in each compass direction from the intersection of Gill and Mosman Streets. This area became the key business and social centre of the town.</p><br>
<p>The economics of Charters Towers were closely bound up with the geology of the field. The gold was in the form of reefs of gold-bearing ore which sloped downwards with loops and branches. This meant that equipment to sink shafts and extract and crush ore was needed. At first, small syndicates of miners, crushing mills and local business men financed the mines. As the lodes ran deeper, more capital was needed to exploit them than was available locally. In 1886, a display featuring ore samples from the Charters Towers mines was set up at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. At the time, some mines were producing extraordinary quantities of gold. The response from British investors resulted in a speculation boom. This did not hold, collapsing in 1888, but as the famous Brilliant Reef was discovered in the following year, the fortunes of the field were not depressed for long. The excellent long-term prospects of the field and the input of capital made the community affluent and encouraged local businesses to replace their timber buildings with more substantial brick structures in the 1880s and 90s.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Joint Stock Bank purchased land for a new building in 1884 and in 1889 approved the plans for a handsome new bank, but decided that their allotment was inadequate for the structure. They purchased another block from Burns, Philp & Co. in May 1890 for £3610. Tenders were called for the new building and that of J James for £4693 was accepted, though he defaulted and the building was completed by Messrs Wyatt & Gates.</p><br>
<p>The new bank building was designed by architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley. He was a gifted and prolific Scotsman who had been the Queensland Colonial Architect between 1873 and 1881, and in 1888 became the inaugural president of the Queensland Institute of Architects. He had designed many large and prestigious public and commercial buildings, including a number of banks. The new premises opened in early 1892 with banking facilities including a gold room on the lower floor and accommodation for the manager above, a standard arrangement in regional banks.</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1892, the Australian Joint Stock Bank had become the largest bank in Queensland having 19 branches. It was the biggest gold buyer on the Charters Towers field and carried many accounts, but it began overcapitalising. In April 1893, the AJS Bank closed during the national banking crisis which saw 8 banks shut their doors. After restructuring, the bank opened for business again on 16 June 1893 as the Australian Joint Stock Bank Limited. Charters Towers continued to prosper with gold production on the field peaking in 1899 at 319,572 ounces. The population also peaked in this year at around 26,500. Charters Towers was then the second most important city in Queensland and an internationally noted goldfield.</p><br>
<p>In 1909 a new banking company, the Australian Bank of Commerce, was formed incorporating the Australian Joint Stock Bank Limited and commenced business in this building on 1 January 1910. By this time, the gold yield in Charters Towers had fallen while costs had increased due to the great depths at which gold was being mined. In 1912 the Warden reported that the extreme depth for profitable mining had been reached. The population quickly fell as many people moved to coastal towns. Falling real estate values and large vacant buildings provided an opportunity for a number of private schools to establish themselves, which eventually gave new economic life to Charters Towers as an educational centre.</p><br>
<p>Following the merger of the Australian Bank of Commerce and the Bank of New South Wales in 1931, the amalgamated business was carried on in the Bank of New South Wales premises in Gill Street. The former Bank of Commerce building ceased to be a bank and was used as accommodation for bank officers. It was sold to Dr W Stevens for £450 on 9 March 1937, the low price in comparison to the original cost being a reflection of the times. Dr Stevens initially lived on the upper floor and used the ground floor for his medical practice. Later he moved downstairs and rented the upper level to Mr and Mrs Walker who lived there until 1958. Dr Stevens moved out in 1947 and Norman Dungavell rented the ground floor as an office and family home, purchasing the property in July 1957 and continuing to rent out the upper floor flat. Norman Dungavell died in 1989 and his wife in 1991. In 1992 the building was purchased by the Shire of Dalrymple with a view to developing the site as a cultural centre. The new theatre complex was designed by Theatre Technics and GTG Partnership. The World Theatre complex was opened in September 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former bank building now forms an entry foyer, gallery and offices for "The World" Theatre complex. This is a large, modern theatre and cinema complex which has been built to the rear of the building and is linked to it by a roof and courtyard area, though remaining essentially separate from it. From Mosman Street, the bank has maintained its appearance as a freestanding building, separated by narrow alleyways from the buildings on either side, which are Lyalls Jewellery Shop and former Brights mining exchange, both from the same era as the bank.</p><br>
<p>The former Australian Bank of Commerce is a two storey classical revival building constructed of rendered brick with a corrugated iron roof concealed by a balustraded parapet. The street elevation is symmetrical and has a colonnade of banded Doric columns at ground level and one of Corinthian order above, surmounted by a triangular pediment with an ornate tympanum. The central entrance has a small pediment and is approached by low steps. Directly across the colonnade from the entrance are double doors to a draft lobby which takes the form of a timber aedicule leading into the large banking chamber, which is now an entrance foyer. The form of the building is essentially unchanged and the flanking offices are still used as such. The main room is lit by lantern and ventilator towards the rear. This is set with panels of etched and coloured glass in red, blue and green. Beyond this, there are doors leading into the courtyard of the new complex. The upper floor is accessed by a large cedar staircase with carved and turned balusters. It is U-shaped in form around the lantern and is now a gallery. A high quality of detail is evident in the building in such features as plaster mouldings, cedar joinery and encaustic tiles to the banking chamber, stair lobby and entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Australian Bank of Commerce was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers, as an extraordinarily rich goldfield, made a major contribution to the economy of Queensland and to the development of the North in the late 19th century. The former Bank of Commerce, built as the Australian Joint Stock Bank, demonstrates the wealth and confidence of Charters Towers at the height of its prosperity, when many high quality buildings were constructed in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although the building has undergone some modifications, it is still a good example of a high quality bank building of its era and was designed by one of Queensland &#39;s most influential architects.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic value as a well designed and finely detailed building which forms an important part of a group of substantial 19th century commercial buildings in Mosman Street. These include the Royal Hotel, the Stock Exchange Arcade and the former Queensland National Bank, also designed by Stanley, and are key components of the character of the city centre.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Australian Bank of Commerce is important as a major commercial building by F.D.G. Stanley, who made a significant contribution to the development of the built environment in Queensland, both as the Colonial Architect and in private practice. It is also associated with the Australian Joint Stock Bank, at one time the largest bank in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Freeport City Hall, located at 230 West Stephenson Street, is the historic city hall of Freeport, Illinois. The city hall was built in 1899 to replace the previous city hall, which the city built in 1868 and had outgrown. Architect David S. Schureman designed the Richardsonian Romanesque building; his design included a red stone exterior, a barrel ceiling decorated with frescoes, and a main staircase with an iron balustrade. The buildings frieze lists the names of important figures in science and literature; the first letters of each name spell out Schuremans name, a loophole he exploited when city leaders denied his request to put his name on the cornerstone. The city hall served the city continuously from its opening until 2011, when city government moved elsewhere due to safety issues; it also held the citys police and fire departments for a time. It was also the site of several civil rights milestones for the city, as its first African-American alderman was elected and its first African-American police officer hired during the buildings tenure.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Schoolhouse is a historic school building on Bay Point Road in Georgetown, Maine. Built sometime before 1821, it is one of the state&#39;s small number of surviving stone district school buildings. It is now a museum property maintained by the local historical society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Stone Schoolhouse stands on the east side of Bay Point Road, in the southern part of Georgetown near the junction with Moffatt Lane. It is a modestly sized structure, built out of irregularly coursed ashlar fieldstone blocks, with a similar foundation. It has a gabled roof. The end walls are unadorned, while the side walls are three bays wide. The southern side has two sash windows to the right of the entrance, and the north side has two windows, set opposite those on the south side. A brick chimney is attached to one of the end walls.</p><br>
<p>The construction date of the school is unknown. It is documented to exist in town records of 1821, in which the purchase of a stove was considered for the building. Local history recounts that its construction was done by Irish immigrant stonemasons living on Long Island (offshore from Georgetown to the southwest), under the supervision of General Joseph Berry. The building now serves as a museum property of the Georgetown Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Col. Isaac G. Reed House, also known historically as Cutting&#39;s Folly, was a historic house at 60 Glidden Street in Waldoboro, Maine. Built in 1807, it was a sophisticated local example of Federal period architecture, with an unusual period bow-shaped room. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It was destroyed by fire on April 2, 2017, and was subsequently removed from the register.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Reed House stood on the north side of Waldoboros village center, on a property that extends between Glidden Street to the east and Jefferson Street to the west. The house was sited on a hill overlooking the Medomak River, from which it was separated by Jefferson Street and a series of grassy terraces, which have granite steps leading up to the houses front. It was a hip-roofed two-story wood-frame structure, set on a granite foundation and sheathed in wooden clapboards. A modern ell extended behind and left of the main block, and the half-round single-story Bow Room projected from its southern facade. The main entrance was framed by sidelight windows and pilasters, with a fanlight window above. This entrance assembly was sheltered by a half-round portico supported by Doric columns and topped by a low balustrade. Most of the windows were regular sash, but that above the entrance was topped by a half-round window, and had more elaborate trim. The interior retained original period woodwork and plaster finishes, as well as wide pine floors.</p><br>
<p>The house had an unusual construction history. Land for the house was purchased in 1807 by Rev. John Ruggles Cutting, who apparently began work on his house soon afterward. Cutting served as minister of the local Congregational church, and came under criticism from the congregation for the amount of time he spent working on the house (which acquired the name "Cutting&#39;s Folly" as a result), rather than tending to his duties. He was consequently dismissed in 1811, and was forced by a lack of funds to sell the unfinished building to Colonel Isaac Reed. Reed had the house finished, and in 1820 added the distinctive Bow Room. Despite this change in ownership, the house showed no evidence of having had multiple builders. Its woodwork and finishes are attributed to Nicholas Cobb, one of the finest period builders in Mid Coast Maine, whose other works include the Gov. Edward Kavanaugh House in Newcastle, and probably also include the Matthew Cottrill House, and elements of the Nickels-Sortwell House and Castle Tucker.</p><br>
<p>The Powers House is a historic house on West River Road in Sidney, Maine. Built about 1770, it is an important example of late Colonial architecture in the region. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Powers House stands on the west side of West River Road (Maine State Route 104), in a rural setting of southern Sidney. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof pierced by two large interior chimneys, and a clapboarded exterior. Its east-facing front facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and topped by an entablature and cornice. A secondary entrance is located on the south side, at the center of the three-bay facade. A single-story ell extends southwest from the southwest corner. The interior follows a typical center hall plan, and is distinguished by original flooring and woodwork, as well as some early 19th-century stencilwork. The house in some proportions bears resemblance to the Pownalborough Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Levi Powers, one of the earliest settlers to the area. Powers was granted land here and arrived in 1760 to clear what was then essentially wilderness. It was purchased in 1783 by Jethro Gardiner, and was for more than 100 years owned by members of the Faught family, who were German immigrants.</p><br>
<p>The John Lake House is a historic residence located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. This is one of several Victorian houses in Maquoketa that are noteworthy for their quoined corners, a rare architectural feature in Iowa. Built around 1890, the 1½-story house features limestone quoins, a gable roof, gambrel dormers on the north and east elevations, a polygonal bay under the east dormer, two small porches, and a gabled wing on the west side. A unique feature on this house are the glazed colored tiles on the main facade. John Lake was a local builder, who is associated with the construction of the New Era Building and the IOOF Building. It is possible he built this house as well, although the builder has not been determined. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. G.S. Martin House is a historic residence located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. It is a fine example of houses built in town for the professional class during Maquoketa&#39;s economic expansion in the late 19th century. It presents a more subdued and conservative appearance than other local Italianate homes. Built in 1882, the two-story brick house features a limestone foundation, a dressed stone water table, a low pitched hip roof, projecting low pitched gable wings, and simple brackets under the broad eaves. There are two porches on the house. The front porch is capped with iron cresting. Dr. Martin was one of the first physicians in town when he settled in here in 1857. He also worked as a druggist. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Bayview Opera House, formerly known as South San Francisco Opera House, is a theatre at 4705 3rd Street in Bayview-Hunters Point district, San Francisco.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1888, it is reputed to be the oldest existing theatre in the city. It became a listed City of San Francisco landmark on October 28, 1968, and on March 21, 2011 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. From 2014 to 2016, the theatre underwent renovation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The theatre is reputed to be the oldest theatre in San Francisco, established in 1888. It survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. A Masonic Hall was formerly situated in the lot to the west of the main opera house, but the hall was demolished in 1975 and was replaced with an open-air entrance porch on the west side of the opera house. For many years the hall functioned as a community centre for gatherings and cultural events, and also hosted fairs and political rallies. The Opera House became a listed City of San Francisco landmark on October 28, 1968, and on March 21, 2011 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The theatre was known was years as the South San Francisco Opera House. It was renamed the Bayview Opera House Ruth Williams Memorial Theatre after producer, playwright and actress Ruth Williams, noted for her roles in launching the careers of singer Cindy Herron and actor Danny Glover. In 2014, it was announced that a $5.3 million renovation project would commence, updating the lobby and upgrading the landscaping and lighting in the interior. The renovation (led by the San Francisco Art Commission, with the budget eventually reaching $5.7 million) added an outdoor stage with permanent seating and made the building ADA accessible, with the theatre&#39;s reopening expected for September 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The theatre hosts the Community Recording Studio, and is also home to the Bayview Opera House Dance Troupe and the Young and Gifted Choir. It began functioning as a youth and dance center in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The J.E. Squiers House, also known as the Squiers House Bed and Breakfast, is a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. The architectural and historic significance of this house is attributed to its being "a well-preserved example of late nineteenth century domestic architecture in Maquoketa&#39;s most prominent residential neighborhood and for its association with the life and career of James Emery Squiers, a prominent local businessman." Built in 1882, the 2½-story brick house features elements consistent with the Queen Anne and Stick styles. It follows a central hall floor plan with two rectangular projecting bays, a three-sided bay window, a kitchen addition on the back, and a hipped roof with intersecting gable sections.</p><br>
<p>Squiers ran a dry goods business downtown, which he sold in 1885. He was elected president of the First National Bank of Maquoketa, a position he held until two months before his death in 1911. There was no mortgage to pay for the construction of this house, which attests to the Squiers&#39; wealth. The house was included as a contributing property in the West Pleasant Street Historic District in 1991, and it was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Porth Wen Brickworks is a now disused Victorian brickworks which produced fire bricks, made from quartzite  used to line steel-making furnaces. The substantial remains include a number of buildings and the remains of some of the machinery, but has some damage from sea erosion. The site is a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The brickworks is in a spectacular location on the western side of Porth Wen (English: White Bay) in the community of Llanbadrig in the north of Anglesey, and is about 2 km west of Porth Llechog and 3 km north-east of Cemaes. The brickworks was established because of the readily available quartzite from the nearby quarries, a major component of fire bricks.</p><br>
<p>As with much of coastline of Anglesey, the brickworks lies within the area of the Anglesey Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Porthwen Brickworks includes quarries, an incline tramroad to the works, and includes a crushing house, moulding shed, drying sheds, and kilns. The brickmaking operation was supported by storage hoppers, engine house, boiler house, chimneys, warehouse and a quay.</p><br>
<p>Brickmaking started on the site in the mid 19th century, with the tramroad being added later, and the existing buildings being built in the early 20th century. Although the brickworks ceased production in the first half of the 20th century (sources vary on the date; either 1924 or 1949), the buildings and much of the equipment remain in situ, and the site shows:</p><br>
<h3>Quarries and incline</h3><br>
<p>The brickworks were supplied from two quarries to the north-west of the works. A tramroad from one of the quarries leading to a winding house and incline was shown on the 1st edition OS map, 1889.</p><br>
<p>The winding house includes two lateral walls of mortared walls of rubble masonry supporting a square drive shaft and bearings. The remains of the walls are splayed at the bases and roughly 4.5 m in length, 0.95 m wide up to a height of 3 m. The drive shaft supported three wheels each with eight spokes. One wheel is roughly 2 m in diameter and the other two are 1.5 m in diameter. The larger wheel was a banding-break and the other two were driving wheels for lowering and raising trucks on the incline. A wooden beam with a control mechanism remains in front the drive shaft. A second similar wooden beam lies nearby but is no longer in position.</p><br>
<p>Near the winding house are the remains of a storage shed roughly 4 m by 5 m with walls that supported a gabled roof of profiled sheeting and is probably more recent than the winding house, built in a period of improvement in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The incline consisted of two tracks which have been removed but the track bed remains with retaining walls of random rubble masonry roughly 1 m deep. The incline was gravity powered.</p><br>
<h3>Brickmaking</h3><br>
<p>The incline terminated at a crushing house where pieces of quartzite were broken up with a knapping machine. The pieces were passed down chutes to lower levels for further processing, resulting in a fine powder at the lowest stage. It is likely that the pieces of quartzite were reduced by hammer with the workers wearing iron covered gloves.</p><br>
<p>The resulting powder was mixed with lime and water in a pan mill. The resulting paste was then moulded and pressed into bricks in the moulding shed, and then dried out in drying sheds. Originally bricks were made using moulding and wire cutting, but were later made using a press.</p><br>
<p>After drying, the bricks were then fired in one of the three circular down-draught kilns (also known as beehive or Newcastle kilns), made of brick with iron bands and domed roofs.</p><br>
<p>The brickworks also includes the remains of a boiler house, which contained a Five-drum Stirling boiler, and a small engine house for a steam engine.</p><br>
<h3>Storage and distribution</h3><br>
<p>After firing, the bricks were stored in the main building, an impressive two-storey brick building, with gabled ends.</p><br>
<p>Bricks were then loaded onto ships, using a crane, moored at the loading quay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Porth Wen brickworks was designated as a scheduled monument by Cadw in 1986 and classified as a post-medieval industrial brickworks.</p><br>
<p>Bank of New South Wales is a heritage-listed former bank building at 34-36 Gill Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eyre & Munro and built in 1889 by Kelleher. It is also known as Wherry House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building was built in Gill Street, Charters Towers in 1889, replacing a number of earlier timber bank buildings on other sites in both Charters Towers and nearby Millchester. This two-storey masonry building addressing Gill Street also has a number of additions to the rear which demonstrate the evolution of the banking industry in the town over time. It complements other significant bank buildings in nearby Mosman Street, including the former Australian Bank of Commerce, now The World Theatre, and the former Queensland National Bank building which later served as the City Hall.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers gold was first discovered in December 1871, by an Aboriginal boy named Jupiter who tended the horses for prospectors Hugh Mosman, George Clarke and John Fraser. A storm frightened the horses into a gap in the hills, and while retrieving them, Jupiter found a rich vein of gold laden quartz. Mosman travelled to Ravenswood in early January 1872 to register the claim which he named Charters Towers, honouring the Gold Commissioner for the Broughton gold fields. By March 1872, Commissioner Charters had issued 25 prospecting area permits in the vicinity of Mosmans claim, and the rush began.</p><br>
<p>The earliest settlement grew around diggings at the confluence of Buchanan&#39;s Gully and Gladstone Creek and was known as Millchester. A few miles west of Millchester, another settlement evolved which became Charters Towers. It included a number of stores, hotels and a butcher shop along a track that was to become Mosman Street. The population of Charters Towers was reputedly 3000 by August 1872. There was rivalry between the two settlements, particularly after the courthouse was erected at Millchester in 1873.</p><br>
<p>In the meantime, it had become evident that the procurement of gold from the deep seams of Charter Towers required substantial machinery to crush quartz and sink shafts. This required working capital to finance machinery and to pay the wages of workers employed on these time consuming processes. The Queensland Gold Fields Act 1874 and Gold Mining Companies Act 1875 allowed for combinations of leases, claims and syndicates in order to work their leases at great depths. The legislation also underpinned the establishment of permanent settlement which would attract capital investment to the field. The influx of money and the resultant yield of gold were reflected in the growth of the township and the establishment of banks, mining companies and mining agencies and exchanges. Two banking companies, the Australian Joint Stock Bank and the Bank of New South Wales established offices on the goldfields by July 1872, only six months after the registration of the first claims.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of New South Wales was the first bank established in Australia (February 1817) but it was restricted to trading in Sydney until 1850. After restructuring, it opened its first branch outside Sydney, in Brisbane, on 14 November 1850, also being the first bank established in Queensland. It continued to expand rapidly with the rush of gold discoveries in New South Wales and Victoria. The bank set up agencies and gold-buying agents at every new mining venture in order to spread its network and consolidate its position. Bank officers were urged on by their superiors to be the first to a new location to set up a gold-buying agency. By 1861 the Bank of NSW had grown from a single Sydney office to a network of 37 branches in Australia and New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>The expansion of the Bank of NSW into North Queensland was driven by Robert Towns, one of its directors. Bank establishment followed both pastoral development and mineral discoveries. Port Denison, established to serve pastoralists, became the municipality of Bowen in 1863. By 1864 there was Bowen branch of the Bank of NSW, followed by one in Townsville in March 1866, where Towns and his partner John Melton Black had established a boiling down works. Another branch opened on the Ravenswood goldfields in 1870, one at Cardwell, (the terminus for the gold escort) in 1871 and in Charters Towers and Georgetown in 1872. The Cooktown branch, servicing the Palmer River fields opened in 1876, then Thornborough in 1877 on the Hodgkinson goldfields, followed by Cairns and Port Douglas. The Charters Towers Bank of NSW had opened only two days after the Australian Joint Stock Bank, which had opened on 2 July 1872. Then in October 1872, both banks relocated to nearby Millchester.</p><br>
<p>In Millchester, land on the northern corner of Jardine and Macdonald Streets was formally transferred to the Bank of NSW in April 1875, but the actual sale is likely to have occurred prior to the title documentation. The Joint Stock Bank owned land opposite in Macdonald Street, and the Queensland National Bank opened in 1873 adjacent. Then in July 1874, a cottage was reported to have been relocated to Mosman Street, Charters Towers, to be used as an agency of the Bank of NSW. Presumably the main branch remained in Millchester. At the time Charters Towers was described as: "solidifying rapidly and is giving undeniable proof that it means to stand. New shops and stores are going up. Buildings are being renovated and painted..."</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers soon dominated. A town survey was undertaken in November 1874, and marked out allotments in a "T" formation, with the mines and provision stores of Mosman Street on one axis, and the road to Millchester marked by Gill Street on the other. In January 1876, the Bank of NSW was relocated to Charters Towers, with Millchester becoming the agency office. This relocation was touted by the Northern Miner newspaper, as "the beginning of the end" for Millchester. Charters Towers was declared a municipality in 1877 encompassing one square mile centred on Mosman Street. It included new churches, the Oddfellows and Good Templar Lodges, and 21 hotels and 57 shops. The Bank of NSW moved into new premises in March 1877, described as a five roomed banking house, bringing solidarity to the top end of Mosman Street.</p><br>
<p>The wealth of the Charters Towers goldfields grew in the following years, particularly following the 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London where specimens of Charters Towers Gold were featured. Almost immediately English investors seized the opportunity to be part of the Charters Towers gold riches. Mining companies were formed, managed by Charters Towers&#39; mining agents and share-brokers, and while some shares were held by English interests, many local people prospered through their investments, which then led to an expansion of banking facilities and mining exchanges. Banks and gold buyers purchased the gold, minted it into sovereigns in Australia and England, which were held in the vaults of banks in Melbourne, London, Berlin, and New York and then shipped to pay international debt. According to the Northern Miner newspaper, there were five banks in Gill Street in mid 1887: the Bank of NSW, Bank of Australasia, London Chartered Bank, Union and Royal Banks. The Queensland National Bank and the Australian Joint Stock Bank remained in Mosman Street.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of NSW gradually improved banking facilities during the 1880s when many new branches opened in Queensland. Most directors were keen for bank premises in country towns to emphasise dignity, size and solidity in the design of their buildings demonstrating the bank&#39;s capacity to survive and consolidate. Consequently, well known architects were employed to design bank buildings in New South Wales, and throughout Australia and New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>This was the case in Charters Towers. The Bank of NSW purchased an allotment in February 1887, diagonally opposite the post office in Gill Street, on which to erect a new substantial brick building. Architects Eyre and Munro called for tenders in the local newspaper in April 1888. The firm had offices in Townsville and Charters Towers. The Charters Towers office was run by William Henry Allan Munro, who had been previously employed in Townsville by architects and builders Rooney Brothers. After winning a competition for the design of the Queensland Hotel, he was taken into partnership with Walter Morris Eyre. In 1887 he became the junior partner, managing the Charters Towers office. Eyre, brother-in-law of architect FDG Stanley, had managed Stanleys Maryborough office between 1882 and 1885 before relocating to Townsville, where he supervised the construction of the Bank of NSW building in Flinders Street. The Eyre and Munro partnership designed many north Queensland buildings including the 1889 Holy Trinity Church of England in Herberton, the 1890 Bank of North Queensland building in Cooktown, the 1890-1 Townsville School of Arts, and the 1892 Burns Philp Building, later part of Bartlams Store in Charters Towers (now Zara Clark Museum). They also designed the building on the corner of Deane and Gill Streets for auctioneers Ackers, Wilson, Ayton and Ryan, built in 1888 which later housed the Royal Bank of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the new bank was by contractor Mr Kelleher under the supervision of Eyre and Munro. It opened for business on Monday 13 May 1889, and was described as "handsome and very pleasing, an imposing structure, superior to anything north of Brisbane" and overshadowing the adjacent Bank of Australasia (no longer extant). While the Northern Miner newspaper reported the cost at £9,000, the banks archives indicated £6,040. The new building was seen as the way forward in both structure and location. The inclusion of a commodious managers private apartment was usual for regional banks.On the ground floor the building comprised banking chamber, fitted handsomely in polished cedar, the upper part of the various partitions being in ornamental ground glass...ample room for the public in front of the counter for the transaction of business, and a table... placed there for the accommodation of those who may desire to fill in deposit slips, requisitions for drafts, &c; a counter...14 ft long by 4ft 6 in wide, with the bill department on the right, and the exchange clerks office on the left; ledger desks...placed at the back of the counter. To the left of the main entrance to the public hall is the managers room...and opening out of that is the accountants office... which has a raised floor, so that the official, by simply standing up, can get a good view of all that is going on. There is a passage leading from the managers room to the dining-room, which, with the exception of the kitchen and servants offices is the only one of the private apartments on the ground floor. At the rear of the ledger-desks are the strong room (fireproof), a lavatory and a stationery-room. Leaving the dining-room, we come to the private hall, which is approached from the passage to the left of the building. The upper floor is reached by a staircase from this hall...and contains a handsome drawing room...communicating by folding doors with another large room...which will be used by Mr Beattie for his own bedroom. There are three other bedrooms and a dressing room, all of large dimensions, with linen closet and a bathroom. The upper part of the building has a balcony running around three sides...and the internal passages are all proportionately spacious. The servants quarters on the ground floor comprise kitchen, pantry, wash-house and sleeping apartment, and are furnished with the usual appurtenances for cooking and washing. Stabling has yet to be erected. Gas is laid on in every room and provision is made: for the Burdekin water supply when that scheme is complete. In the meantime there are three 1000 gallon tanks all full. The chimney-pieces and other fittings are in cedar, and are in excellent taste. All the rooms are ceiled, with mouldings, &c., of elegant design, and ventilation and drainage have been specially attended to.&#39;An economic downturn occurred in 1888, during the construction of the bank, due to a decrease in overseas investment and a continuing drought which led to the closure of crushing machines due to lack of water. The slump was short-lived after the development of the Brilliant Reef, which when mined to a depth of 3000 feet (914 m), became the biggest producer in the field.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers was at its economic peak in the late 19th century. According to Government Geologist Robert Logan Jack, Charters Towers was the third largest gold producing area in Australia, after Ballarat and Sandhurst (Bendigo). Many new buildings were completed in this period in Charters Towers. The "T" junction of Mosman and Gill Streets became the financial district of Charters Towers. For one block to the east, north, and south were eight banks, the post and telegraph office, two assaying offices, and four solicitor&#39;s offices. Share-brokers occupied the Royal Arcade, and other offices were located in Mosman and Bow Streets. The Royal Arcade was built in 1888 for Alexander Malcolm and by 1890 the Stock Exchange operated from the building. Other significant buildings of this era include the 1887-92 Masonic Lodge and the 1892 Post Office (Commonwealth Heritage List 105523). Banks of this era include the 1881 (lowset timber) Bank of Australasia, the London Chartered Bank (which purchased the two-storey masonry building from local builder Hugh Ross in 1887), the former Australian Joint Stock Bank (later the Australian Bank of Commerce) and the Queensland National (QN) Bank, both designed by FDG Stanley and both built in 1891. The Union Bank then occupied the former QN Bank premises in Mosman Street. All of these buildings remain, apart from the Bank of Australasia. The Bank of NSW was considered the first financial institution to erect premises worthy of the town and the business conducted there. The North Queensland Register claimed it was the largest banking institution in Australasia in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The banking crisis of 1893, when the Queensland National Bank and the Australian Joint Stock Bank, both suspended trading, led to an increase in business for the Bank of NSW in Charters Towers, when successful mining companies transferred their accounts. At that time there were eight banking businesses operating in Charters Towers; the Australian Joint Stock Bank, Bank of Australasia, Bank of NSW, Bank of North Queensland, London Chartered Bank, Queensland National Bank, Royal Bank and the Union Bank, and all were still operating after the crisis had passed.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, Charters Towers was the second most important city in Queensland with a population of over 26,000, and an internationally noted goldfield. The gold yield for the state rose dramatically following the development of the Brilliant Reef, and in 1891, rose from 123,000 ounces (3487 kg) to 218 000 ounces (6181 kg). It reached its all-time peak of 319,572 ounces (9059.7 kg), yielding over £2,000,000 by 1899. Gold production contributed between 21.61 and 35.53 percent of Queensland&#39;s export income during the 1880s and 1890s. These enormous amounts of gold were purchased by banks, which played a vital role in this process of wealth creation and distribution.</p><br>
<p>Gold production had been the mainstay of the Queensland mining sector in the 1890s, amounting to 85 per cent to 92.8 per cent of mining production during the decade. Apart from a brief spike in production at Mount Morgan in 1888-9, Charters Towers consistently out-produced the other major gold mining areas of Ravenswood, Gympie and Mount Morgan between 1880 and 1913. While Gympie peaked between 1901 and 1906, generally figures for all centres declined in the early 20th century. Charters Towers&#39; production of 96,046 oz (2723 kg) in 1912, fell to 42,777 oz (1213 kg) in 1916 and was reduced to 8095 oz (22.9 kg) by 1919.</p><br>
<p>Despite Charters Towers being declared a city in 1909, the downturn in mining from 1914 and its virtual cessation by 1917 contributed to a steady decrease in population during this time. A town that had boasted a population of 25,000 in 1900, when it was the second largest in Queensland, was reduced to just 13,000 by the end of World War I (WWI). Between 1914 and 1918 more than 900 homes and business premises were removed from Charters Towers. Many were dismantled and transported by train to Townsville or Ayr where they were re-erected. Others were relocated to various places in Western Queensland. Nevertheless, banking institutions remained in town to service the regional rural economy and included the Bank of NSW, Bank of Australasia, London Chartered Bank, Queensland National Bank, Union Bank and the Bank of Commerce in the early 1920s. The Bank of NSW took over the Western Australian Bank in 1927, and then absorbed the Australian Bank of Commerce in 1931.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of NSW occupied the building in Gill Street until 1970 and during this time a number of repairs and small modifications were made. Renovations were undertaken in 1910 included plastering, painting and general repairs, with further unidentified alterations occurring in 1921 and 1940. A post-1900 photograph of the rear of the bank shows rendering to the face-brick walls of the bank core and service wing; lattice panels fixed to the western verandahs of the manager&#39;s apartment and service wing; horizontal battens on the wash house and stables and a lavatory in the far south- western corner. It is likely that the female toilets attached to the northern western corner of the bank were built during WWI when women were employed to make up for the shortfall of men. Following the 1931 merger with the Australian Bank of Commerce, the amalgamated business was carried on in the Bank of New South Wales premises in Gill Street. The former Bank of Commerce building (originally the Joint Stock Bank) was used as accommodation for bank officers. It was sold in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers Bank of NSW played an important role in the Pacific Campaign of World War II, as the New Guinean Bank of NSW branches in the towns of Wau, Samarai, Rabaul and Port Moresby were successively evacuated in January and early February 1942, due to bombing or threat of bombing. The transportable business effects including records, cash and bullion were taken by boat to Townsville, and a custodian branch was set up in Charters Towers, while the reconstruction of the business was undertaken in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers City Council acquired the Queensland National Bank building in 1949 and relocated its administrative operations there. The building was then known as the Charters Towers Town Hall. A library was established in the old town hall building. The Charters Towers City Council acquired the former Bank of Commerce (AJS Bank) in 1992 and converted it into The World Theatre.</p><br>
<p>In 1967 a property exchange was made with the Charters Towers City Council, whereby the Bank of NSW acquired the old town hall site owned by the council. The old timber Town Hall was demolished in August 1968. The bank continued to occupy its original building during the construction of a new building on this site, which opened on 16 March 1970. The Bank of NSW acquired the Victorian-based Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd in 1982 and then changed its name to Westpac, reflecting the Western Pacific region in which it now operated.</p><br>
<p>From 1982, the former Bank of NSW building was used as the council library and child care centre. The property was formally transferred to the Council in 1984. The council erected women&#39;s toilets to the rear of the western side of the building sometime prior to 1980. During the 1980s a restaurant occupied the first floor of the building. In the 1990s it housed the offices of Skill West and Skill Share, as well as school support services provided by Education Queensland. The semi-detached building at the rear has undergone a number of renovations over time. The library was relocated in 2003 and the day care centre ceased operation. The former Bank of NSW building has had a number of tenants since that time including a real estate agent and a Bendigo Bank Agency. The Australian Association of Distance Education Schools utilised space on the first floor for training purposes in the 2000s, however it has been vacant since 2010. The building was renamed Wherry House in 2006 to honour a former mayor Paul Wherry and his wife Molly who served the city from 1952 to 1964. Plaques commemorating their community work were installed in the building in November 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales is a substantial building in the heart of the commercial district of Charters Towers and is an important element in a largely late 19th century townscape. Facing north, the bank is located on Gill Street where it rises to meet Mosman Street. The bank is a dominant element in its immediate setting amidst smaller, less pretentious buildings and has a visual relationship with other former banks and important civic buildings in scale and style, including Charters Towers Post Office and the former Queensland National Bank (later the City Hall).</p><br>
<p>The rendered brick building with timber framed floors and large hipped roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting has an elaborate, classically detailed two-storey masonry arcade fronting Gill Street. Behind, timber verandahs on the east and west sides of the first floor shelter the core of the building and provide access lanes at ground level to the rear of the site.</p><br>
<p>The building comprises the former bank on the ground floor approached from Gill Street; the former residence on the first floor accessed from the eastern lane, and an attached single-storey service wing at the rear with access from Powell Lane to the south. The former Bank of New South Wales retains a large proportion of its early fabric and displays a high standard of craftsmanship and detail. The principal interior spaces are spacious and highly decorative, contrasting with the simplicity and practicality of the service spaces. Notable features include the generous ceiling heights, substantial and handsomely detailed cedar joinery, ventilated plaster cornices and ceiling roses and hand-pressed brick walls and barrel-vaulted ceiling in the strong room.</p><br>
<p>The original layout of the building is clearly discernible. Approached from the footpath, the centred main entrance opens from the arcade into the spacious banking chamber. The managers office and accountants alcove are located to the left along its eastern side and strong room, toilet and stationery room along the rear to the south. A door in the rear of the western wall leads out to the lane. The dining room is located in the south-east corner. Adjacent, at rear of the bank, is an impressive stair hall which provides separate external access to the first floor manager&#39;s apartment together with through access from the service wing to the dining room. There is a storage room under the stair and linen store on the first floor. Opening off the stair hall, the apartment has an L-shaped hall leading to the western verandah where there are bathrooms clad with chamferboards located on the south-western corner. Two large principal rooms across the front (originally the drawing room and principal bedroom) and four smaller rooms (dressing room and three bedrooms) toward the rear open off the hall. The former, connected by bi-folding doors, have substantial joinery and all rooms opening onto the front and side verandahs have French doors.</p><br>
<p>Attached by a secondary, timber-framed stair hall to the rear of the apartment stair hall is a single-storey service wing. A rendered brick building with hipped roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting, it comprises two rooms (originally a servant&#39;s bedroom and kitchen) separated by a pantry with verandahs on its eastern and western sides. A brick chimney is located in the south east corner of the kitchen which has a coved ceiling lined with flat sheeting and at the rear of the kitchen is a bathroom housed in a timber-framed, skillion roofed structure. The stair from the service wing to the mid-level landing of the main stair has been removed.</p><br>
<p>Public toilets are located beside the former banking chamber at the end of the western side lane. One is a detached structure of concrete blocks that is not of cultural heritage significance. The other is a timber-framed lean-to. The interior fittings and fixtures are not of cultural heritage significance. The rear yard is surfaced with concrete and contains a number of structures including steel framed carports (that are not of cultural heritage significance) and a timber-framed garage with flat sheet walls and a gabled roof of corrugated metal sheeting.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of New South Wales in Charters Towers is important in demonstrating the history of gold mining, a major contributor to Queensland&#39;s wealth. Built in 1889, the bank symbolises the vital need for the provision of financial services to the burgeoning deep reef gold mining industry of Charters Towers, the largest gold producer in Queensland and the third largest in Australia by the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>It contributes significantly to our understanding of the important operations of the bank, the first banking institution in Australia, and the first in Queensland, which expanded its interests in north Queensland concurrently with the growth of pastoralism and mining from the 1860s. It was the second banking organisation to establish a branch on the Charters Towers gold field, providing financial services since 1872.</p><br>
<p>The 1889 Bank of New South Wales was the first substantial two-storey masonry bank building in Charters Towers, and served as bank and managers residence for over 80 years. It symbolises the desire of bank management to have buildings in regional towns demonstrating the dignity, size and solidity of the banks wealth and prosperity in a prime location in the business centre of town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Designed by prominent North Queensland architects Eyre and Munro, the bank building is an important example of their major commercial work. Highly intact, it is an exceptional demonstration of a substantial, regional 19th century bank - its two-storey masonry construction; elaborate classical styling make it a prominent element in the streetscape of the central business district and its large elaborate banking chamber; strong room; offices; discreet, commodious manager&#39;s residence; and semi-detached service wing are key features. The building retains its original layout illustrating the interrelation between the functions of the rooms.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The bank building is important for its expressive attributes, conveying the concept of financial stability and permanence sought by financial institutions of this era through its imposing, classically detailed arcaded facade. Finely composed, it is a major contributor to the streetscape and one of a suite of large masonry bank buildings in the central business district in Charters Towers, a largely intact and important nineteenth century gold era town.</p><br>
<p>It is notable for the variety of high quality decorative treatments and interior joinery illustrating the hierarchy of the former functions within the building and demonstrating the tastes of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Aldborough is a heritage-listed villa at 25 Deane Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William Henry Allan Munro and built in 1900 by Thomas Barry O&#39;Meara. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aldborough, a large timber residence at the corner of Deane and Hodgkinson streets, one block south of the main business street of Charters Towers, was built in 1896 for the successful draper and merchant Alfred Edwin Daking-Smith. The house is a well-known landmark in the town. Aldborough demonstrates characteristics typical of housing in Charters Towers, and is a good example of a house built for a successful Charters Towers businessman. Between 1872 and 1917 Charters Towers was one of the most important goldfields in Queensland. At its peak in 1899 it accounted for more than a third of Queenslands entire gold production, and by 1901 it was Queenslands second largest town.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at the foot of Towers Hill in December 1871, the find was reported to Warden WFCM Charters at Ravenswood in January 1872, and the Charters Towers Goldfield was proclaimed on 31 August 1872. Charters Towers was proclaimed a municipality on 21 June 1877, and the town embraced one square mile, centred on the intersection of Gill Street and Mosman Street. The gold was found in reefs of gold-bearing ore, and as the mines deepened the smaller mining operations were replaced by larger companies. A heightened phase of prosperity was entered after the great wealth of the Day Dawn reef was discovered in 1878. The completion of the Great Northern railway from Townsville to Charters Towers in December 1882 also boosted the town&#39;s prosperity, by lowering the cost of supplies and building materials.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers boomed throughout the 1880s, overshadowing all other mining centres in North Queensland. A display of Charters Towers Gold in the Queensland Court at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London in 1886 in turn led to an influx of capital from English speculators, and in 1889 the famous Brilliant Reef, the richest on the field, was discovered. During this time many of the 1870s timber commercial buildings on Mosman and Gill Streets were rebuilt in brick. Charters Towers continued to prosper throughout the depressed economy of the 1890s with a peak production of 319,572 ounces of gold in 1899, and a population of around 26,500 the same year. At the turn of the century Charters Towers, with its multi-cultural population, was known colloquially as "the World".</p><br>
<p>After 1899 there was a steady decline in gold production. In 1912 the Warden reported that the extreme depth for profitable mining had been reached, and most mines had been abandoned by 1916. The last of the big mines, the Brilliant Extended, closed in 1917, but small mining operations continued to be serviced by the Venus battery, which was owned by the Queensland Government from 1919. By 1921 Charters Towers&#39; population had decreased to 5,682, and many timber buildings were moved to Townsville after World War I. Some villas were reused as schools as Charters Towers adapted to becoming an educational centre for North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>When Daking-Smith arrived in Charters Towers in 1891 the town was still booming. Born in 1866, he had lived with his grandmother at Aldeburgh on the coast of Suffolk, England, after the deaths of his parents. At the age of 21 Alfred Daking-Smith decided to seek a new life in Australia, and he arrived in Melbourne in 1887, before moving to Brisbane. He was employed by the drapery firm Overell and White as a departmental manager in Brisbane, and he later opened and managed a branch for the firm in Laidley. In 1891 Daking-Smith moved to Charters Towers in North Queensland and established himself as a draper in his own right in "humble premises" in Mosman Street. He moved into larger premises on the corner of Gill and Mosman around 1895. This building was described in 1898 as a two-storeyed warehouse with prominent window displays with a staff of thirty-five working in eight departments.</p><br>
<p>Daking-Smith built his home Aldborough, named in honour of his years with his grandmother, close to the main business street of the town. In June 1896 three allotments at the south east corner of Deane and Hodgkinson streets were transferred from Louis Hamann to Daking-Smith.</p><br>
<p>On 21 October 1896 The North Queensland Register reported that Daking-Smiths new residence, one of the finest in the town, was approaching completion. The position of the building, facing the corner, was apparently designed to secure an expansive outlook, while increasing privacy. The buildings style, the bungalow, was seen as the most suitable for the local climate, and features mentioned at the time included: a handsome flight of front steps; a spacious verandah with cast iron railings; glass front and rear doors, both with sidelights; an arch in the hallway and one between the dining and drawing rooms; cedar cornices and an embossed stamped paper frieze in the dining and drawing rooms; two floor-to-ceiling bay windows to the front verandah; varnished interior woodwork; three large bedrooms in the main building; ventilation tubing from the ornamental panels in each ceiling, with an iron ventilator on the roof; and bedrooms on either side of the latticed back verandah, separated from the main building. There was also a separate pantry, on piles set in vessels of water, off the rear verandah; and the kitchen wing included the kitchen, a bathroom and three bedrooms (counting the bedroom on the south end of the rear verandah). The contractor for the residence was TB O&#39;Meara, the architect was WHA Munro, and the plumber was Charles Fraser.</p><br>
<p>Part of the site was fenced off for a stable (three stalls with stone floor, carriage shed, harness and feed room) and a bulk store, the latter being a two storey building measuring 40 feet by 20 feet (12.2m by 6.1m). This store fronted Deane Street, and was later retained by Daking-Smith when he sold Aldborough.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Post Office Directory (QPOD) first lists Daking-Smith as living on the site in 1900. In 1901 the Charters Towers City Council Valuation Register listed Alfred Daking-Smith, draper, as occupying allotments one, two and three of section eleven with a capital value of £600. Initially he is listed in the postal directories on Deane Street, and then from 1906 he is listed on Hodgkinson Street.</p><br>
<p>Aldborough is aligned to the northwest, facing the corner, which is also roughly in the direction of the intersection of Gill and Mosman streets, where Daking-Smith had opened his 1895 shop. The most common houses in Charters Towers were two or four-room timber cottages, and in plan Aldborough is an expanded version of these simple buildings, many of which were prefabricated to standardised plans. Aldborough&#39;s style and fabric, including the light timber stud frame, reflect construction techniques common in Charters Towers. In a technique well-suited to the climate of North Queensland, the walls of houses in Charters Towers were lined with horizontal boards, and the timber frame was left exposed externally. From vertical boards were more likely to be used.</p><br>
<p>Aldborough shares other features in common with Charters Towers housing, such as sheet metal acroterions on the corners of its guttering; a sheet metal ventilator at the crown of its roof; and shades and screens around its verandahs to reduce the effect of the hot climate - such as latticework, timber louvres, canvas blinds and drop-down timber blinds. Aldborough&#39;s extended verandah eaves are also characteristic of Charters Towers housing.</p><br>
<p>In 1906 Alfred Daking-Smith married Beryl Maud Hooke, and the couple soon moved to Sydney, where Daking-Smith attained even greater wealth. He built the mansion Berith Park at Wahroonga, North Sydney in 1909. That same year Daking-Smith erected the Daking-Smith Building as a purpose built department store in upper Gill Street, Charters Towers. Although Charters Towers already had a number of drapery stores, Daking-Smith believed that a more modern, "genteel" shop was needed. Between 1860 and 1920, with the industrialised world&#39;s rising level of affluence and leisure time, the "art of shopping", once the prerogative of the wives of the wealthy, was adopted eagerly by the wives of the emerging middle classes. The impressive architectural style of the brick Daking-Smith building was unique for a remote North Queensland town. From his new building Daking-Smith advertised himself as a draper, furnisher and boot merchant. Through this business activity, he made an important contribution to the commercial development of Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 Daking-Smith built the office block Daking House in Sydney. He also purchased, rebuilt and re-equipped the old Parramatta Woollen Mills in 1913, under the name of the Sydney Woollen Mills. He became a director of the Automatic Breadbaking Co. of Sydney, and The Jungle Ltd of Innes Springs. His mining investments and interests were extensive as were his active memberships of many public institutions. By now Alfreds preferred name was Dakingsmith. He lived for some time after 1923 at the Astor, Sydneys first co-operatively owned residential flats, but he retired to his country home Beraldor in Bowral. He died in Sydney on 7 August 1943 aged seventy-seven years.</p><br>
<p>Although living in New South Wales from 1909, Dakingsmith maintained his business in Charters Towers, and he returned on regular visits for some years. He was an unsuccessful National candidate for the seat of Queenton in the Queensland state elections of March 1918. From 1909 Dakingsmith rented out Aldborough before it was sold in 1919 to a medical practitioner, Thomas Roy Edmeades, on a reduced parcel of land.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the 1919 sale allotments one and two were resurveyed into subdivisions one and two. Dakingsmith retained subdivision two (20.6 perches just southwest of Aldborough, facing Deane Street) while Edmeades took possession of the land on which Aldborough stood, subdivision one of allotments one and two (one rood 20.4 perches) and allotment three (1 rood). Dakingsmith continued to operate his store on subdivision two, and "D Smith and Co. Stores" is listed at this location in the postal directories from 1912 to 1923 inclusive.</p><br>
<p>Dr Edmeades used Aldborough as a surgery and residence, the bedroom at the corner of the north-east and south-east verandahs reputedly serving as his waiting room. Edmeades became a highly respected and long serving medical practitioner to the people of Charters Towers. The park beside City Hall in Mosman Street is named in his honour.</p><br>
<p>In October 1922 Aldborough was transferred to Jessie Mary Beach, from Muttaburra. Jessie&#39;s husband had drawn a selection at Julia Creek in a land ballot, but Jessie lived in Aldborough so that their three children could be schooled in Charters Towers. Jessie died in September 1954, but the property remained in the Beach-Steele family until auctioned in 2008. Local interest in the fate of this landmark building attracted 300 people to the auction, and the sale made the front page of The Northern Miner.</p><br>
<p>Sometime in the 1920s or the 1930s the main section of the house was painted internally, with stencilled patterns over the base colours. Accounts differ as to whether it was painted during the ownership of Edmeades, or the Beaches. As the paint was applied over the varnished timber walls and ceilings of the hallway, living room and dining room, it soon cracked into a crazed pattern, which remains a feature of Aldborough&#39;s interior to this day. In the bedrooms, which did not have varnished walls, the stencilled designs are more intact. The house was also reputedly the first in Charters Towers to have electric lighting, run by a 32 volt generator under the house.</p><br>
<p>When Dakingsmith wound up Daking-Smith & Co. in 1925 his property and store in Deane Street, adjacent to Aldborough, was transferred to bakers Herbert Powell Jones and William John Lang in January 1926. After their business folded the land was sold to Jessie Beach in 1947.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Aldborough occupies two allotments at the intersection of Deane and Hodgkinson Streets, within the original one square mile of the town of Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>Aldborough is set back from the corner of Deane and Hodgkinson Streets, and faces north-west towards the intersection and a small entrance gate at the corner. The ground rises to a terrace between the road frontage and the house. There is no definable entrance path although there is a small set of concrete steps up to the terrace. The main house entrance comprises a set of wide stairs with steel railings (not original) and a projecting gabled porch, which has metal acroterions and a decorative finial at its apex. The porch has a decorative pediment with a name board below, and is supported by double timber columns with decorative timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>The ground to the south-west of the house steps up via two stone retaining walls, and there is also a derelict chicken shed on the southern boundary of the property, with the remains of a possible pond circled by stones nearby. At the rear of the main house, in the angle formed by the kitchen wing, there is a fernery made of rough bush timber framing, covered over the top with wire mesh. There are also two corrugated iron rainwater tanks at the rear of the house, and two corrugated iron sheds along the rear (eastern) edge of the property. Access to the understorey of the house is through a metal gate next to a retaining wall beside the north-east elevation of the house. Access from the road is via a bridge at the north-east corner of the property, over the also heritage-listed stone stormwater channel along Hodgkinson Street.</p><br>
<p>Aldborough is a large, single-storeyed timber villa that is lowset on a mix of thick timber stumps and round steel stumps. There is a corrugated iron generator shed under the house, with a concrete mount in situ. Aldborough has a corrugated iron pyramid roof with some surviving metal acroterions and a large roof ventilator. The roof extends to cover the verandahs on all four sides. The exterior walls of the main house are single-skinned, with vertical timber boards and exposed timber studs to the verandahs. The hip-roofed, semi-detached kitchen wing, located at the southern end of the south-east verandah of the main house, is clad with horizontal timber boards, with the timber studs exposed inside the rooms, except for the walls along the wing&#39;s verandah, which extends south-east from the south-east (rear) verandah of the main house. These walls have the studs exposed to the verandah. The same construction occurs in the former bedroom built at the corner of the north-east and south-east verandahs of the main house.</p><br>
<p>There are decorative iron balustrades with timber railing on the north-west verandah, with a mix of timber latticework and timber-slat blinds above, while the north-east verandah has the same balustrading with timber-slat blinds above. There is also a timber partition with a door towards the eastern end of the north-east verandah, and a small timber toilet room. The south-west verandah has balustrading, but only a small section of lattice and no timber blinds. The south-east verandah has no balustrading and is screened by timber latticework. The narrow verandah that runs along the north-east elevation of the kitchen wing past the bedrooms and bathroom to the kitchen, has timber balustrading, and a lattice partition and door towards the north-west end. Hedged plants grow to the height of the top balustrading rail in front of the north-west, north-east and south-west verandahs of Aldborough. They are supported by a double galvanised steel pipe frame that is attached to the side of the house.</p><br>
<p>A central hallway is entered by means of a large door surrounded by sidelights and an opening fan light, and the hall exits through a similar door to the rear verandah. To the north-east of the hall are three bedrooms. The western-most bedroom is larger than the other two, and has a bay window with three large double-hung windows that can be opened from floor level, overlooking the north-west verandah. This master bedroom also has a set of French doors to the north-east verandah. The centre bedroom also has a bay window set with French doors narrowly protruding onto the north-east verandah, with another set of French doors adjacent to the bay. The eastern-most bedroom has sets of French doors to both the north-east and south-east verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The south-west side of the hallway comprises one large living and dining room, with a middle archway dividing the room into two spaces. Each space has a large ceiling rosette and its own door to the central hallway, and the dining space to the south-east has a set of French doors to the south-east verandah. There is a decorative frieze in both rooms, which appears to be pressed metal. The bay window at the north- west end of the living space has three large double-hung windows, as in the master bedroom. Two sets of French doors provide access to the south-west verandah from the two spaces.</p><br>
<p>A free-standing pantry/larder is accessed off the south-east verandah of the main house. It is about two metres square, has the same proportioned pyramid roof with metal acroterions and ventilator as the main house, and is reached by stepping over a narrow gap between it and the verandah. The pantry&#39;s walls adjacent to the verandah comprise a light fly-screen mesh attached to a timber frame while the outer- facing walls comprise chamferboard topped with fixed louvres. The pantry stands on low concrete stumps which are set inside small concrete water wells, as protection from ants.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen wing comprises three bedrooms, a bathroom that was remodelled in the 1950s or 1960s, and a large kitchen at the rear. The western-most bedroom in the kitchen wing has a set of French doors opening onto the east end of the south-west verandah. The kitchen has a large brick fireplace at its south-west end. There is an outside laundry under a skillion roof to the south-east of the kitchen. A built-in copper shares the same brick chimney as the fireplace in the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>All rooms in the main house have 13&#39;6" (4.1 metre) high ceilings. There is early linoleum flooring on the floors of all rooms except for the middle bedroom in the main house and the storeroom and bathroom in the kitchen wing. There are a number of original and early fittings in the house, including light switches, decorative metal coat hooks, window catches, rods for opening fanlights above doors, and an electric bell on the wall of the kitchen wing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Aldborough was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The large timber residence Aldborough was constructed in 1896 for Charters Towers businessman and draper Alfred Daking-Smith. Aldborough, in conjunction with the former Daking-Smith Drapery Store in Gill Street, is important in demonstrating the prosperity of Charters Towers at that time. Charters Towers was an extraordinarily rich goldfield which made a major contribution to the economy of Queensland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and Aldborough is a product of the wealth generated by a successful retailer in what was then Queensland&#39;s second largest town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Aldborough is a very intact example of a large, fine quality house designed for the North Queensland climate, complete with single-skin timber walls, high ceilings, a central hallway, extended eaves, roof ventilator, and verandah shading in the form of lattice work, timber slat blinds and hedge plantings close to the house. It contains pre-World War II stencilled paintwork, early fittings and early linoleum floor coverings. Its semi-detached kitchen wing, complete with servants&#39; rooms, illustrates the social stratification that existed between the master and servant classes prior to World War I. A freestanding pantry/larder just off the rear verandah demonstrates early means of keeping vermin and insects away from food stores, and the open laundry to the rear of the kitchen still contains its copper and fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Aldborough stands on a large and highly visible corner block of land close to the main business street of Charters Towers. It is highly intact. Of note are the timber lattices, timber slat blinds and hedge plantings that provide shade in a sub tropical climate. The impressive entrance porch, decorative iron balustrading, roof ventilator, and acroterions also enhance the visual impact of the residence.</p><br>
<p>The Anson Wilson House is a historic residence located south of Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. Wilson was a native of Canada who arrived in Jackson County in 1839 and squatted on his claim on the prairie from 1840 until the US Government made it available for purchase in 1846. In his early years he worked a variety of manual jobs before settling into farming. With stonecutter F. Zimmerman he built this two-story limestone house in 1860. Outbuildings for the farming operation were built about the same time. The rectangular plan house is composed of coarsely-dressed limestone blocks laid in a random ashlar pattern. A single-story frame addition was built on the back of the house in 1896. It was replaced by a more modern version in 1969. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Farmland Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Farmland, Randolph County, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>The district encompasses 26 contributing buildings in the central business district of Farmland. The district developed between about 1880 and 1944 and includes notable examples of Italianate, Renaissance Revival, Romanesque Revival, Commercial style, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture.</p><br>
<p>Notable buildings include the I.O.O.F. building (1898), Retter Hotel (c. 1860, 1920), Goodrich Brothers grain elevator (1919), Clayton Block (1899), McCormick and Yount Hardware Store (c. 1880), Knights of Pythias Building (1908), Farmland City Building (1923), The Opera House (c. 1885), and J.W. Clayton Building (1898, c. 1920).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Roberts Park Methodist Episcopal Church, whose present-day name is Roberts Park United Methodist Church, was dedicated on August 27, 1876, making it one of the oldest churches remaining in downtown Indianapolis. Diedrich A. Bohlen, a German-born architect who immigrated to Indianapolis in the 1850s, designed this early example of Romanesque Revival architecture. The church is considered one of Bohlen&#39;s major works. Constructed of Indiana limestone at Delaware and Vermont Streets, it has a rectangular plan and includes a bell tower on the southwest corner. The church is known for its interior woodwork, especially a pair of black-walnut staircases leading to galleries  surrounding the interior of three sides of its large sanctuary. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Roberts Park Methodist church originates from the first Methodist congregation organized in Indianapolis in 1822. After the congregation divided into two groups in 1842, one group established Roberts Chapel at Market and Pennsylvania Streets in 1843. Following the American Civil War, the congregation decided to build a new church at its present-day site at Delaware and Vermont Streets. The church is named in honor of Methodist bishop Robert R. Roberts and its park-like location. Construction on the new building began in 1869, but due to financial limitations, it was not completely finished until 1876.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The Roberts Park church originates from the first Methodist congregation organized in Indianapolis in 1822.</p><br>
<p>In 1842, when the city&#39;s Methodist congregation reached 600 members, it divided into two smaller groups, a western and an eastern charge, using Meridian Street, a major north-south thoroughfare, as a boundary line for the new congregations. The western charge maintained a Methodist church on the Circle until 1869. The congregation subsequently relocated to new church buildings along Meridian Street and eventually became known as the Meridian Street United Methodist Church. Its present-day building at 5500 North Meridian Street opened in 1952. The eastern charge established Roberts Chapel, named in honor of Bishop Robert R. Roberts, the first Methodist bishop to live in Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Construction on Roberts Chapel at the northeast corner of Market and Pennsylvania Streets began in 1843. Completed in 1846, it cost an estimated $1,300 for the lot and $11,000 for the structure. In 1848 the congregation purchased a new bell for the chapels tower. It called worshippers to religious services and also served as the communitys fire bell. A town clock was added to the bell tower in 1853.</p><br>
<h3>Present-day church</h3><br>
<p>After the American Civil War Roberts Chapel members decided to build a new church. On June 29, 1868, the congregation purchased approximately 1 acre of land at the northeast corner of Delaware and Vermont Streets for $17,000. The congregation sold Roberts Chapel and held its last worship service there on July 5, 1868.</p><br>
<p>On August 9, 1868, at a service held in a temporary building erected at the congregations new site at Delaware and Vermont Streets, Roberts Chapels members decided to name their new church the Roberts Park Methodist Episcopal Church, in reference to Bishop Roberts and its park-like grounds. The present-day church is known as Roberts Park United Methodist Church. The building was dedicated in 1876, and serves as the fourth home of Indianapolis&#39;s original Methodist congregation.</p><br>
<p>The foundation for the present-day church was laid in 1869; its cornerstone was laid on May 14, 1870. Construction on the upper story, delayed for financial reasons, began in 1873. The completed church was dedicated on August 27, 1876, making it one of the oldest churches remaining in downtown Indianapolis. The total cost of the new church was estimated at $128,000, including the lot, structure, interior decoration, and an organ.</p><br>
<p>Roberts Park church was the site of a series of historic revivals In 1881, 1886, and 1896. The congregation also established several womens groups during this time, including the Womans Home Missionary Society (1895) and the Womens Social and Business Union (1894). The churchs youth alliance became an Epworth League in 1888.</p><br>
<p>In 1927 Fermor S. Cannon designed a $100,000 addition to the east end of the church. Another major remodeling in 1950 cost $200,000 and included rebuilding a first-floor chapel, installation of stained-glass windows on the eastern wall of the church, and modification of the gymnasium in the church addition. During 1971–73, around the time of the congregation&#39;s 150th anniversary, the sanctuary and other areas of the church were redecorated and renovated. The congregation also purchased a new pipe organ.</p><br>
<p>Roberts Park Methodist Episcopal Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior and plan</h3><br>
<p>Diedrich A. Bohlen, a German-born architect who immigrated to Indianapolis in the 1850s, designed the new church in the Rundbogenstil (round-arch) style that was popular at the time he was studying architecture in Germany. Bohlen, the founder of D. A. Bohlen, Architect, was already known as the designer of other notable projects in Indiana, including the Morris-Butler House and Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church (rectory and church) in Indianapolis and the motherhouse and chapel for the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods. The Roberts Park church, one of Bohlen&#39;s major works, is reportedly modeled on City Temple, London.</p><br>
<p>Bohlens design for the church is an early example of Romanesque Revival architecture, which blends classically influenced architectural styles resembling buildings of the Romanesque period. Roberts Park church includes a rectangular plan with a three-story bell tower on its southwest corner. The churchs exterior is constructed of Indiana limestone. A tall spire was planned for the tower, but it was never built.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s main facade, which faces Delaware Street, is divided into three sections with recurring, round-arched openings in arcades. The large, center section is flanked by two smaller sections containing narrow, round-arched, stained-glass windows on three levels. The ground-floor arcade consists of compound arches that contain the entry doors surmounted by stained-glass rose windows. A stone-belt course separates the ground floor from the two upper floors. The second level has a two-story arcade with a series of three arches, each one is two stories high. These arched openings feature smaller, round-arch windows on each level. A belt course separates this arcade from the gable, which features a frieze and finials with three stone-carved crosses at the gable stops. A stone statue of Saint Mary is installed at the roof peak.</p><br>
<p>The bell tower has rounded-arch windows at the first and third level. The second level has a tablet inscribed with the churchs name and its construction date. A pyramid-shaped room tops the tower, which houses the churchs bell.</p><br>
<p>The addition built in 1927 at the east end of the church includes design elements similar to the original structure, including its round-arch windows.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The churchs two-floor interior is known for its large sanctuary and woodwork of oak and black walnut. The main floor includes a large sanctuary and a large pair of black-walnut staircases that lead to galleries (balconies) surrounding the interior of three sides of the sanctuary, which measures 62 ft by 84 ft feet. The sanctuary, with a seating capacity of 1,200 people, has no interior support columns and is 34 ft in height. The lower level (basement) housed classrooms and rooms used for various purposes. An addition constructed in 1927 at the buildings east end provided additional space that originally included a parlor, classrooms, a gymnasium, and a stage. During a renovation in 1950 the gymnasium was divided and remodeled into offices, classrooms, and other spaces. An elevator was also installed.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s interior decoration changed over time, especially after several major renovations. Electric chandeliers were installed in 1892. The congregation spent $65,000 in 1916 to refurbish the interior and the church organ, and an additional $45,000 in 1945 on painting and repairs. Renovations in the early 1970s included the purchase of a 2,273-pipe organ.</p><br>
<h2>Mission</h2><br>
<p>Robert Park was a sponsor of other church congregations. By the 1860s it had sponsored eight, and eighteen more by the 1960s. During World War II the church provided entertainment to servicemen and women and served them more than 90,000 meals. The church also sponsored several missionary groups. It continues to serve the needs of the city&#39;s elderly population and the downtown Indianapolis community.</p><br>
<h2>Membership</h2><br>
<p>In 1843 the eastern charge reported 322 members. By 1849 its membership had risen to 407. By 1940 the Roberts Park church, with an estimated 1,700 members, had become one of Indianas largest Methodist congregations. As Indianapoliss population extended outward to suburban neighborhoods, the church&#39;s membership declined, dropping to 425 members by 1990; however, the congregation resolved to remain in its downtown location.</p><br>
<h3>Notable members</h3><br>
<p>James A. Allison (1872–1928), a business entrepreneur and founding partner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.</p><br>
<p>Calvin Fletcher (1798–1866), an early resident of the city who was active in business and community affairs</p><br>
<p>James B. Ray (1794–1848), a former governor of Indiana</p><br>
<h2>Worship services</h2><br>
<p>Sunday worship services: 8:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m.</p><br>
<p>Weekday worship services 12:00 p.m.</p><br>
<p>Winchester Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Winchester, Randolph County, Indiana. The district encompasses 52 contributing buildings and 10 contributing structures in the central business district of Winchester. The district developed between about 1875 and 1950 and includes notable examples of Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Classical Revival style architecture. Notable buildings include the Randolph County Courthouse , USA Post Office , I.O.O.F. Hall , Winchester Community Library , Masonic Lodge , Randolph Hotel , David Building , and W.E. Miller Department Store . Notable structures include the "Spirit of the Doughboy" monument , Lamp of Freedom , Soldiers and Sailors monument , and Laredo Taft Marker .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Civic Club is a heritage-listed club house at 36 Ryan Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1900. It is also known as Londoners&#39; Club. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Civic Club was constructed in 1900 as clubrooms providing recreational facilities for members of the Londoners&#39; Club, which had its origins in informal meetings at the North Australian Hotel, Charters Towers, in 1877.</p><br>
<p>Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers became the richest of the North Queensland mining fields. It developed rapidly and was proclaimed a municipality in 1877. The construction of the Great Northern railway in 1882 created easy access to the port at Townsville, solving the problem of high freight costs experienced by many other mining fields. The gold at Charters Towers was in deep reefs and the equipment needed to extract and process it was financed by substantial southern and overseas investment in mining companies. The town became a prosperous centre providing employment for a considerable number of people.</p><br>
<p>In the year when the mushrooming goldfield became officially a town, a group of mining men began meeting informally at the North Australian Hotel. Later, they were to call themselves the Londoners&#39; Association. Hotels have always been meeting places and it was common at the time for larger hotels to provide rooms for hire to clubs and associations, usually on an upper storey. However, the convenience of meeting in a place which could readily provide food and drink was somewhat offset by noise from other patrons, the limitations placed on club members activities and a general lack of privacy. Typically, clubs that held regular meetings eventually acquired their own premises.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, Thomas Craven, a Trustee for the association purchased the land on which the Londoners Association built their clubhouse. In the late 1880s and 1890s, Charters Towers boomed and handsome public buildings replaced the modest structures of the early township. In 1900 the association applied for a club liquor licence for their new clubhouse and were registered as the Londoners Club. The premises were opened in May 1900 and provided a bar plus comfortable and well-lit rooms for billiards and card playing. Card games were subject to severe restrictions in hotels and the club is said to have offered all night gaming facilities. Card tables were installed with drawers to hold money, chips and, it was rumoured, gold dust and even pistols. Monthly smoke concerts were held, informal affairs where the members themselves provided the entertainment.</p><br>
<p>The membership of the club was exclusively male and comprised many of the citys most influential men. Belonging to a club, particularly one that had socially and professionally prominent members, was an important aspect of business as well as social life for many men in this era. Membership was sought after and the club visitors book shows that overseas investors were often entertained at the club by local businessmen during the boom years. Visitors included mining men from London, South Africa, Czechoslovakia, America and New Guinea. The convivial setting provided by the club was no doubt conducive to promoting professional as well as personal contacts amongst members generally. From 1907, it was renamed the Civic Club.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse was built in the year that the population of the city reached its peak of 27,000. Although gold production on the field had peaked in 1899 at an impressive 337,000 ounces, it soon became clear that these grades did not continue at depth. Gold prices also fell and by 1920 only one mine in Charters Towers was still operational. People, businesses and even the more portable buildings moved away from the town and by the end of the First World War the population had more than halved. This in turn led to a decline in membership of the Civic Club.</p><br>
<p>The availability of large redundant buildings in a town with a well-developed infrastructure and a rail connection suggested the possibility of establishing boarding schools to several Churches. Charters Towers soon found a new role as an educational centre and is still a major regional centre in the north. The Civic Club continued to operate and, maintaining its original billiard tables set on concrete blocks, has often organised snooker tournaments.</p><br>
<p>The Civic Club was established as a men&#39;s club and remained a male preserve until 1980, when women were admitted during a period of rejuvenation when its membership base was broadened. The Club is now one of the few surviving examples of its type in a country town.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Civic Club is located in Ryan Street, Charters Towers in what is essentially a residential streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse is a single storey building, largely of timber, with a rendered brick wall on the eastern side and fibrous cement cladding on the front. It is set on low stumps and is L shaped in form with a projecting gable to the front. There is a verandah extending across the front from the gabled section and along the side, which has a cast iron balustrade and valance linked by panels of timber latticework. The roof is clad with corrugated iron and has 3 prominent clerestories that light and ventilate each of the main rooms.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the somewhat residential appearance of the exterior is contradicted by a layout specially designed for club use and consists of 3 major rooms with a skillion roofed kitchen extension to the rear. The main rooms are timber lined with pressed metal ceilings and cornices and have pressed metal lining to the clerestories. The largest room holds billiard tables and the former card room is subdivided by decorative timber partitions. Arches link the rooms and at the rear of the card room is the bar. Toilets have been constructed on a section of the verandah adjoining it.</p><br>
<p>Most of the interior structural features are intact although the bar is not in its original form. Many of the original furnishings remain and these form an important part of the fabric of the building along with photographs, trophies, light fittings, shelving, cue racks and floor coverings.</p><br>
<p>The building is located on a reduced block of land and is now hemmed in on two sides by buildings. A high, galvanised pipe and wire fence encloses the area at the front. Some evidence of early pathways and garden edging and the front entrance remain. To the rear, in the angle of the L formed by the building, are a pergola and barbecue area and a concrete air raid shelter.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Civic Club was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers, as an extraordinarily rich goldfield, made a major contribution to the economy of Queensland and to the development of the North in the late 19th century. The Civic Club, built in 1900 as premises for an elite men&#39;s club established in 1877, reflects the interests and leisure activities of the many influential men involved in mining, commerce and the professions who were its members and patrons. The establishment of such a club in Charters Towers demonstrates the importance of this city at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Civic Club is rare as a gentlemen&#39;s club, few of which were built outside the capital cities in Australia, and which is still owned and operated by this club.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is very intact in form and detail and is an excellent example of a recreational club with rooms specially designed to provide good conditions for playing cards and billiards.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a prominent and well-designed building from Charter&#39;s Towers most prosperous period, the Civic Club makes an important contribution to the built character of the town in form, scale, and material.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a purpose designed clubhouse, the building has over a centurys continuous association with members of the Londoners Club/Civic Club, which continues to operate.</p><br>
<p>Winchester Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Winchester, Randolph County, Indiana. The district encompasses 142 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 1 contributing structure in a predominantly residential section of Winchester. The district developed between about 1837 and 1950 and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Colonial Revival, Prairie School, and Classical Revival style architecture. Notable buildings include the First Presbyterian Church of Winchester , Winchester Friends Church , First United Methodist Church , Main Street Christian Church , First Church of the Nazarene , Carey Goodrich House , Kizer-Marsh House , and W.E. Miller House .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Church of Christ is a heritage-listed church at Anne Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1885 to 1887. It is also known as St Johannes Lutheran Church and The "German Church". It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 May 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Church of Christ in Charters Towers was constructed in 1885-7 as the first Lutheran Church in Charters Towers. After 1915 when the church was sold, the building became used as the Charters Towers Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at Charters Towers in December, 1871. The first mining claims were issued in January, 1872 and the new gold field was proclaimed on 31 August 1872. Populations on the fields grew with the most durable towns being established where reefing gold was the predominant form of mining. By the early 1880s technological innovation had improved production on the reef field. Large scale mining companies began to form at about this time in Charters Towers. The establishment of these companies was given a boost through the introduction of mining safety legislation and increased British investment.</p><br>
<p>By 1882 company mining became the rule rather than the exception on the Charters Towers field. One such company was the Day Dawn PC, formed after rich deposits of gold were found on land owned by a small group of German miners led by Frederick Pfeiffer. Pfeiffer and his partners, Messrs Heinrich Paradies, Carl Augustus Reidrich, Hamann, Romberge, Levers and Christian became enormously wealthy with the mine eventually yielding 1,000,000 pound in gold. The group, who sold the mine in 1887, were among the wealthiest men in the town. All of them remained in Charters Towers and later invested in other mining ventures.</p><br>
<p>The growth in reef mining led to a growth in population with miners and their families arriving from all over the world. The population structure of the new gold field is not well documented, however, it is fair to say that many nationalities were represented on the Charters Towers field, including a small group from Germany. This group was to become one of the first Lutheran communities in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>While some church groups were able to attend organised services after in Charters Towers, German Lutherans did not have access to a minister or church when they first arrived in the early 1880s. At first they met in private homes and later in the Oddfellows Hall. While this arrangement was satisfactory initially, in 1885 some members of the Day Dawn PC partnership decided to finance the building of a church for their community.</p><br>
<p>Many local German people contributed to the cost of a new building. Mr Christian Paradies, the founder of the congregation, donated more than £1800 towards the erection of a brick church which was known as the St Johannes Lutheran Church and he bequeathed a further £1000 to the church. Carl Riederich donated the building site and contributed to the building costs and the bells. Friedrich Pfeiffer and Heinrich Paradies shared the costs of building the parsonage. The foundation stone was laid on 5 Decemberm1885 and the church was completed in March 1886. The total cost of construction of the church was £2500.</p><br>
<p>The designer and builder are not known but Mr Zander, formerly of Beenleigh, worked as a bricklayer on the site.</p><br>
<p>Pastor EO Maiser of German Station in Brisbane (later known as Nundah) was the first pastor in Charters Towers and opened the church on 13 June 1886. The bell tower, hung with two bells brought from Germany, was completed in 1887.</p><br>
<p>In 1897 the Lutheran Church community was affiliated with the State Church of Prussia and the church became the focal point for the German community in Charters Towers. Language classes and community festivities were some of the activities held at the church.</p><br>
<p>The Lutheran community remained active in Charters Towers until the First World War, when Pastor G Schafhirt was repatriated to Germany. The church community declined during the war and the property was sold to the Church of England in September, 1915. Since that time the church has been a place of worship for the Church of Christ community of Charters Towers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Church of Christ in Charters Towers is a simple brick church with a substantial timber belltower to one side. The site is located in an early residential part of the city, three blocks from the main commercial street, Gill Street, and nearby to St Mary&#39;s Convent and Lissner Park. Being situated on a corner, the belltower is prominent above the surrounding cottages.</p><br>
<p>The rectangular site is located on the corner of Anne and High Streets, and orientated north-south. The rectangular church is centrally located on the site, with the entry to Anne Street to the south. The belltower is at the street corner to the south-east. To the rear of the site at the northern end is a brick and concrete block community centre.</p><br>
<p>The church is unpainted brick with steeply pitched corrugated iron roofs. Projecting from the nave is an entry porch to the south, and sanctuary to the north with vestry beside. To each side and above the entry porch are tall narrow lancet windows, with borders of coloured glass. From the entry at ground level, the site falls gently to the rear exposing a base of random granite stones.</p><br>
<p>The side elevations of the nave are punctuated by brick buttresses, with lancet windows between having awning sashes and heads of coloured glass.</p><br>
<p>The belltower is framed and cross-braced in substantial timber members. Its construction is reminiscent of the mining headframes of the area, and similar to the bell tower of St Columba&#39;s Catholic Church further along High Street, which is believed to be of later construction. The belltower has a corrugated iron bellcast pyramid roof, mounted by a finial. It houses two large bells.</p><br>
<p>The white picket fence runs along the front of the site, and returns part of the way along High Street, past the belltower.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church has exposed scissor trusses with a diagonally boarded ceiling above.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Church of Christ in Charters Towers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 May 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church is a brick building constructed in 1885-7 which demonstrates the development of the Lutheran community in Northern Queensland, particularly Charters Towers in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building has aesthetic merit as a simple brick church with Gothic detailing including a steeply pitched roof and lancet windows. The substantial timber bell tower is a prominent element of the streetscape and reminiscent of the construction of mine headframes once common in the area. The juxtaposition of the two distinct and unusual elements contributes to the aesthetic interest of the site.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The church, which has been a landmark in Charters Towers since its opening, was an important centre for German cultural and social life for thirty years. The building has social value as a place of public worship for over 110 years. The site has special value to the Church of Christ community with whom it has a long association.</p><br>
<p>ED Miles Mining Exchange is a heritage-listed commercial building at 65 Mosman Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William George Smith junior, and built in 1887 by Ben Toll. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former ED Miles Mining Exchange in Charters Towers was built in 1887 and extended in 1889, 1891 and 1901, to house the business established by Edward David Miles in 1883, and managed in partnership with Joe Millican from 1887. This was the first of a number of long standing mining exchange businesses established during the 1880s in Charters Towers, and thought to be the most successful business of this type in Queensland, operating from 1883 until it was liquidated shortly after the death of Miles in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers gold deposits were first discovered in December 1871, by an Aboriginal boy named Jupiter who accompanied prospectors Hugh Mosman and Adam Mosman and John Fraser, who were later joined by George Clarke. Jupiter found a rich vein of gold laden quartz. Mosman travelled to Ravenswood in early January 1872 to register the claim which he named Charters Towers, honouring the Gold Commissioner, William Charters. By March 1872 Commissioner Charters had issued 25 prospecting area permits in the vicinity of Mosman&#39;s claim and the rush began.</p><br>
<p>Two settlements were established, one which became Charters Towers and another 4 mi distant which became Millchester. Charters Towers began with a number of stores, hotels and a butcher shop along a track that was to become Mosman Street, with the population reputedly 3000 by August 1872. There was rivalry between the two settlements, particularly after the courthouse was established at Millchester in 1873. However Charters Towers soon dominated. Its town survey was undertaken in November 1874 marking out allotments in a "T" formation, with the mines and the provision stores of Mosman Street on one axis, and the road to Millchester marked by Gill Street on the other. Charters Towers was declared a municipality in 1877 encompassing one square mile centred on Mosman Street. It included new churches, the Oddfellows and Good Templar Lodges, 21 hotels and 57 shops.</p><br>
<p>In the meantime, it had become evident the procurement of gold from the deep seams of Charter Towers required substantial machinery to crush quartz and sink shafts. This required working capital to find the gold, finance machinery and to pay the wages of workers employed on these time consuming processes. The Queensland Gold Fields Act 1874 and Gold Mining Companies Act 1875 allowed for combinations of leases, claims and syndicates in order to work their leases at great depths. The legislation also underpinned the establishment of permanent settlement which would attract capital investment to the field. Early "no liability" companies were floated but were short-lived, known as "no reliability companies" by the banks which refused to finance them. Most mines were run by syndicates with financial backing by the town&#39;s businessmen. A number of share-brokers operated around town in the late 1870s, regularly advertising in The Northern Miner newspaper. Company shares were available to the general public, and this initiated the role of mining agent whose sole purpose was acting as secretary of these companies and dealing in their shares. From 1881 the Charters Towers Town Clerk Edward David Miles also filled the role of secretary for a number of these companies and by 1882 company mining became the norm in Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>ED Miles, having first advertised his services in February 1882 became a full-time mining agent in February 1883 and established an office adjacent to the Miner&#39;s Arms Hotel in Mosman Street. A native of Wales, he came to Australia in 1862 attracted by the Victorian gold rush. He initially worked in Castlemaine and then moved to Ballarat. In 1875, he moved to Charters Towers and was employed as an engine driver, a miner and worked in the store of John McDonald. He was appointed town clerk in 1880. The first mining company he represented was the Day Dawn Prospecting Claim, one of the most successful in Charters Towers. Established in 1875 and floated as a limited liability company in October 1881 it later realised a record production of £1,000,000 worth of gold in 1898. In May 1883 ED Miles was reporting to The Queenslander newspaper on 15 companies in Charters Towers, listing himself as secretary to five of these.</p><br>
<p>Mining secretaries ensured the companies complied with the relevant legislation and regulation and kept board members informed of their legal responsibilities. They were the company&#39;s named representative on legal documents and it was their responsibility to ensure company directors operated within the law. It was also their responsibility to register and communicate with the shareholders to ensure dividends were paid and company records maintained, such as lists of directors and shareholders and annual accounts. In mining towns, mining exchanges dealt in mine shares, whereas stock exchanges dealt in a variety of enterprises. Nevertheless, to deal in a stock exchange one had to be a member and Miles, as well as operating his own mining exchange, was later a member of the Charters Towers Stock Exchange.</p><br>
<p>The growth of both Gympies and Charters Towers gold fields led to the establishment of brokerages in both towns and in Brisbane, dealing in mining shares. Mining exchanges had operated in Ballarat, Victoria since 1857. Like Charters Towers, Ballarat&#39;s success came through the formation of mining companies to finance the deep sinking of mines. The establishment of the first dedicated mining exchange building in Ballarat was initiated by the local Borough Council in 1864 in a renovated building. Even when a more substantial building was constructed in 1888 (VHR HO65), it was still located on land owned by the local council.</p><br>
<p>There were a number of early mining exchanges in Queensland, none of which were established by local councils. Former Ballarat businessman and publican, Henry Farley had a mining exchange and hotel in Gympie in 1868. He then established the Mining Exchange Hotel in Stanthorpe in 1872. Another exchange was reported in Gympie in 1872. By 1881 there were 112 mining companies operating in Gympie, and Crawford and Rohde operated an exchange here from 1882 to 1885. Crawford then built his own building in 1885 from which he operated as mining secretary and commission agent. Another building in Gympie, Smithfield Chambers housed mining secretaries from 1895 and later the Gympie Stock Exchange Club. Other mining exchanges were established elsewhere in Queensland including; Thorp in Ravenswood, Clifton & Cohen Croydon and Barker & Frew also in Croydon, all established in 1887. Thorp also operated in Charters Towers. His Ravenswood exchange burnt down in 1901 and he replaced the building in 1903, although he appears to have not operated a mining exchange from the new building (Thorps Building). Miles&#39;s 1883 business was initiated prior to more substantial operations, such as the Brisbane Evening Mining Exchange (March 1884); the Stock Exchange in Gympie (10 July 1884); and the Brisbane Stock Exchange (23 July 1884). An early attempt to establish a stock exchange in Charters Towers began operating in the billiard room of the Crown Hotel in July 1885, but was a relatively short lived operation. Business was booming in Charters Towers by 1886, when British speculative investment in mining shares increased following the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London where gold and ore samples were exhibited.</p><br>
<p>Miles mining exchange business is thought to be the first of this type outside of Gympie, operating until shortly after his death in 1922. In 1884, Miles employed Joe Millican as assistant secretary, who became a partner in 1887. The Northern Miner newspaper described Miless business character as "honest...exhibiting perfect sobriety...patient and unwearied industry and attention to business down to the minutest details."</p><br>
<p>In February 1887 ED Miles released plans for his new office designed by local architect WG Smith Jnr. The report in The Northern Miner included the following description for the building to be located on a vacant allotment between the Imperial and Empire Hotels in Mosman Street:The building will be 52 x 36 feet wide, clear on the inside, and will be divided into six separate offices with a hallway six feet wide hall running through; the verandahs at the back and front will be 10 ft wide with a bedroom on the back verandah for one of the clerks. At the left-hand side of the main entrance will be the public room 21 ft long whilst at the rear of this are two offices each 15 x. On the right hand side is another office 15 x, and next to this is the board room 25 x, and there is another 15 ft square room at the back of the board room. The walls will be 16 ft high and the front and the wall near the Imperial will be of brick, whilst the other two will be composed of wood. The front of the building will be something like Mr Hunters Exchange, but a little higher, and the verandah roof, which has a nice ornamental edging, will come lower in order to protect the front of the building form the afternoons sun. The offices can be entered either from Mosman or Bow streets.The contractor was Ben Toll, and Smith supervised its construction. By mid July 1887 the company had relocated to its new premises.</p><br>
<p>A feature of the interior is the use of a ventilation system, likely to be a variation of the Tobin tube, developed in England in the 1870s and patented by Martin Tobin in 1873. Ventilation is achieved through the installation of horizontal tubes under the floor, connected to vertical tubes attached to the internal walls to a height of just over one metre, drawing fresh air into the room and circulating it. At the ED Miles Mining Exchange, the system was probably installed at construction. It complements the more traditional ventilation methods including ventilated ceiling roses, fanlights, operable high-level windows, and a large roof lantern with operable glazing that were included within the building.</p><br>
<p>The architectural firm WG Smith & Sons was established in Townsville in 1886 by William George Smith Jnr and Snr. Smith junior designed a number of buildings in Townsville and Charters Towers. These include the Band Pavilion in Lissner Park and the Masonic Lodge in Charters Towers, and Osler House and the Choral Society Buildings in Townsville. He also designed St Mary&#39;s Convent in Charters Towers for the Sisters of Mercy.</p><br>
<p>An economic downturn occurred in 1888 because of a decrease in overseas investment and a continuing drought which led to the closure of crushing machines due to lack of water. The slump was short lived because of the development of the Brilliant Reef. It had been financed by Richard Craven and GM Levers who had profited from the British investors of 1886 and they were able to manage the mine for themselves. In 1889 Brilliant Reef, mined to a depth of 3,000 ft, became the biggest producer in the field.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers was at its economic peak in the late 19th century, and according to Government Geologist Robert Logan Jack, was the third largest gold producing area in Australia, after Ballarat and Sandhurst (Bendigo). Many new buildings were completed and other mining agencies established. The T-junction of Mosman and Gill Streets became the financial district of Charters Towers. For one block to the east, north, and south were eight banks, the post and telegraph office, two assayers offices, and four solicitors offices. Share-brokers occupied the Royal Arcade, and other offices were located in Mosman and Bow Streets. The Royal Arcade was built in 1888 and by 1890 the Stock Exchange operated from the building.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1880s to early 1890s three other mining agencies and exchanges built offices in town. Ernest Hunter bailed out the early stock exchange and established a mining exchange in Mosman Street in March 1886, before occupying his own purpose built office by December. In 1887 Hunter and Albert Harte formed a partnership while Harte then formed another with his former secretary Alan Bright. Both agencies were in Mosman Street. The Hunter and Harte partnership was dissolved early in 1891. Hunter relocated to Croydon and Harte to Brisbane. McCallum and Ineson began business as a general draper and milliner in 1885, turning to share-broking for mining companies in 1890. The company built offices in Bow Street in 1892, designed by W G Smith. The building was later occupied by the Commonwealth Bank. Alan B Bright built a new mining exchange in Mosman Street in 1896, designed by Charles William Smith. Bright died in 1903 but his business continued to operate into the mid-1950s.</p><br>
<p>ED Miles and Company were agents for the Brilliant Reef and the neighbouring shafts by 1891, including the St George, Brilliant Block, Brilliant Freeholds, Brilliant Central, Brilliant St Patrick and Queen. Of the 58 mining companies listed in the Northern Mining Register newspaper share list in March 1891, ED Miles and Co. managed 24. Alan Bright managed only nine companies and there were other small operators in town. By September 1891, Miles was secretary to 31 mining companies as well as being the office for three London based companies and local organisations such as the Charters Towers District Hospital and Cemetery Trust, with Miles secretary to both organisations. His partner Joe Millican was mayor at this time. ED Miles became mayor in 1897. At that time The Queenslander newspaper suggested that ED Miles and Co had, for some time, held the leading place among mining agents and brokers in the state.</p><br>
<p>The growth in business necessitated an expansion of ED Miles&#39;s premises. With responsibility for so many secretarial roles and agencies a strong room for the books and securities was necessary. In 1889, a detached fire-proof strong room was built designed by Tunbridge and Tunbridge. It was constructed with walls 2 ft thick with an arched roof of brick and a massive iron door. The strong room was later extended in reinforced concrete, although a date for this is yet to be found.</p><br>
<p>By 1891 the company had two partners and 17 employees, and was reputedly the largest business of its type in Queensland at the time. Extensions to accommodate its expansion were reported in the Northern Mining Register:The offices which are of brick, lined with wood, and lofty to provide ventilation have a frontage of 40ft (sic) to Mosman-street by a depth of 80ft and recent additions include a room for the corresponding clerks, a room for the share-broking department and a private apartment for members of the staff. The front office is 15 by. On the right hand side on entering, the end of the office is cut off by a counter over which all transactions took place. On the left hand side cash and calls are received. Though there is no very great attempt at ornamentation the office is fitted with very handsome cedar polished counters, and is at the same time commodious and comfortable. In this part of the building four clerks are engaged...A pair of polished cedar spring doors cut off the private offices from the one devoted to the public and open on a hall way, running the length of the building. On the left hand-side, after entering the hall, is the office of the chief clerk, Mr J Mortimer Hastings in which directors meetings are held. Mr Hastings takes the directors meetings and attends to the correspondence; on the right of the hall is the large board-room in which meetings of shareholders takes place and where in the daytime six clerks are engaged under the supervision of Mr JD Macfarlane, who attends to the Wardens Court business, advertising, the despatch of call and dividend notices, and the transaction of insurance and general business. Mr Miles and Mr Millican occupy comfortable offices at the rear of the chief clerks and board-room respectively. Attached to the main building is the room occupied by the three correspondence clerks, two of whom are shorthand writers.No architect has been identified in relation to this extension. A number of architects were practicing in Charters Towers at the time including Tunbridge and Tunbridge, WG Smith and WH Munro.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 Charters Towers was the second most economically important city in Queensland with a population of over 26,000 and an internationally noted goldfield. The gold yield for the state had risen dramatically following the development of the Brilliant Reef and in 1891 it rose from 123,000 to 218,000 oz. It reached its all time peak during 1899 of 319,572 oz yielding over £2,000,000 by the end of the year. This boom also led to the establishment of the School of Mines which opened in March 1899. ED Miles, in his role as president of the Mining Institute, laid the foundation stone. The School of Mines was based on the model of the Mechanics Institutes in Ballarat and Otago in New Zealand, which taught the necessary skills to existing and potential mine employees.</p><br>
<p>By September 1901 yet another extension to the ED Miles & Company building was underway, designed by Walter Hunt. The building then extended the entire length (18 m) of its street frontage on Mosman Street, abutting the Empire Hotel. Hunt had relocated to Queensland from Kiama in New South Wales in mid 1899, working in Charters Towers, and later established a practice in Townsville with CD Lynch and undertaking work throughout North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Further impact on the processing of ore in Charters Towers came with the Federation drought (1895-1902). The Burdekin River dried up, leading townspeople to build a weir upstream of the Burdekin River Pumping Station, completed by the end of 1902. Miles was chairman of the water board. Despite these problems, the mining warden reported an increase in gold production at the end of 1902, largely due to the development of the Queen Cross Mine, for which ED Miles and Co. was secretary.</p><br>
<p>Miles was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council in July 1902. From 1905 Miles&#39;s parliamentary work necessitated his relocation to Brisbane, initially living in Kinellan House in New Farm, then at Nyrambla in Ascot. Joe Millican carried on the business.</p><br>
<p>Despite Charters Towers being declared a city in 1909, the downturn in mining from 1914 and its cessation in 1917 contributed to a steady decrease in population during this time. A town that had boasted a population of 25,000 in 1900, when it was the second largest in Queensland, was reduced to just 13,000 by the end of World War I. Between 1914 and 1918 more than 900 homes and business premises were removed from Charters Towers. Many were dismantled and transported by train to Townsville or Ayr where they were re-erected. Others were relocated to various places in Western Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Gold production had been the mainstay of the Queensland mining sector in the 1890s amounting to 85 per cent to 92.8 per cent of mining production during the decade. Apart from a brief spike in production at Mount Morgan in 1888-9, Charters Towers consistently out-produced the other major gold mining areas of Ravenswood, Gympie and Mount Morgan between 1880 and 1913, but figures for all centres declined in the early 20th century. Charters Towers&#39; production of 96,046 oz in 1912, fell to 42,777 oz in 1916 and reduced further to 8,095 oz by 1919.</p><br>
<p>Mining companies began folding: the Mills Day Dawn United, the New Queen Central, Moonstone and Telegraph in 1916. The New Brilliant Freehold Company went into liquidation in 1918. ED Miles and Thomas Mills were appointed liquidators. Miles died in 1922 during the winding up of the company, which dragged on to 1926. Joe Millican replaced Miles as liquidator and having retired to Sydney had liquidated the partnership of Miles and Millican sometime in 1922.</p><br>
<p>Miles&#39;s obituary declared that "there were few offices of dignity, importance or influence in Charters Towers with which Mr Miles was not at one time or another associated". He had been an alderman and mayor, chairman of the Charters Towers Water Board, member of the Townsville Harbour Board, president of the Charters Towers Chamber of Commerce, the Mining Institute, and the Mine Owners Association and secretary of the Charters Towers Hospital Board for over 20 years, and District Grand Master of the Masonic Lodge and member of the Manchester Unity International Order of Oddfellows. He was also the chairman of the association which established the School of Mines in Charters Towers in 1900. He was a member of the Queensland Legislative Council until his death on 10 March 1922, shortly before the abolition of the upper house on 23 March.</p><br>
<p>His partner Joe Millican was also a significant asset to the community being an alderman from 1888, the year after he became Miles&#39; partner, and then becoming mayor in 1890. He was vice president of the Chamber of Commerce and the Charters Towers Stock Exchange, member of the executive of the Charters Towers Pastoral Agricultural and Mining Association, a member of the Manchester Unity International Order of Oddfellows, and either chairman or director of numerous mining companies and a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly briefly between 1907 and 1908.</p><br>
<p>The ED Miles and Co. building was purchased in 1928 by the North Queensland Racing Association (NQRA) which had formed in Charters Towers in 1886. The NQRA reported it paid £400 and the offices were described as comprising a strong room, large board room and roomy offices, some of which would be made available for letting. The NQRA relocated its headquarters to Townsville in the 1960s. By 1965 the 1891 addition at the rear of the building had been demolished and an L-shaped structure (later demolished) was built behind the strong room.</p><br>
<p>The property was then sold to Bartlams Limited in 1966. Bartlams was involved in the sale of livestock and real estate, as well as being wine and spirit merchants, generally servicing western Queensland grazing properties. Bartlams had previously operated from part of the former Burns Philp building (Bartlam&#39;s Store) in Mosman Street from 1944 until 1966. Transferred again in 1974 to Albert Claude Oates, the former ED Miles building was then used for the operation of "Independent Tyre Dealers". The property was sold again in 1988 and the new owners lived in the building for a period. During this time, a large steel-framed structure on a concrete slab was constructed behind the building, facilitating tyre fitting and wheel balancing/alignments etc. The building was later leased to "Beaurepaires" who vacated the building in 2011.</p><br>
<p>There remain four known mining exchange buildings in Charters Towers: Hunters (later Hunter and Harte) in Mosman Street, built in November 1886; the ED Miles and Companys in Mosman Street, (1887); Ineson and MaCallums in Bow Street, (1892); and Alan Brights in Mosman Street (1896). The former ED Miles building retains a significant proportion of its original fabric and configuration, whereas the interiors of the other buildings have been altered.</p><br>
<p>Throughout Australia, there are only three mining exchanges on state heritage registers: The Beehive building in Bendigo (1872, Victorian Heritage Register H0686); The Ballarat Mining Exchange (former) (1887, Victorian Heritage Register H0391) and the former Brown&#39;s Mart in Smith Street Darwin, which housed a mining exchange between 1887 and 1910 (Northern Territory Heritage Register, File H96/0014). Within the larger category of stock exchanges, the former ED Miles and Company building remains rare, with only the former Melbourne Stock Exchange in Collins Street listed on the Victorian Heritage Register (H0034) and the former Adelaide Stock Exchange (ID11580) on the South Australian Register. Identified extant Queensland Stock Exchanges include Charters Towers Stock Exchange Arcade, Exchange Building, Toowoomba and the Gympie Stock Exchange.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former ED Miles Mining Exchange is located at the northern end of the main commercial district on Mosman Street in Charters Towers, a street dominated by late nineteenth century buildings. Bounded by commercial properties to the north and south, this single storey timber building with rendered masonry facade embellished with classical detailing, is built to the front and side alignments. With dual street access, the allotment extends through to Bow Street where a large steel framed, metal clad skillion-roofed structure covers the rear of the site and a detached strong room.</p><br>
<p>The former mining exchange is clearly discernible as two volumes (1887, 1901) marked by dual pediments on the parapet and separate gabled roofs clad in corrugated metal sheeting, with the larger 1887 portion lit by a generous roof lantern. A curved awning roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting and supported on slim decorative cast iron posts extends over the footpath along the width of this building and the adjoining premises to the north. Four of six cast iron columns and a large proportion of a delicate cast iron valance with brackets and pendants survive to the mining exchange building section of awning. A continuous moulded string course also extends across the length of the mining exchange building facade and the adjacent premises.</p><br>
<p>On the main facade, pilasters, a plinth and semi-circular fanlights over openings mark the extent of the 1887 building and distinguish it from the square headed openings of the 1901 addition. A continuous sill extends across the front of both sections and all openings are framed with rendered mouldings. The 1887 portion comprises a double-leafed timber entrance door with a well-worn concrete threshold flanked by windows either side containing pairs of large timber casement (replacement) windows. The 1901 addition has double-hung timber windows with frosted glazing.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the building is timber framed and lined. Exterior walls are single skin with externally exposed stud framing lined internally with boards detailed with double beading. Internal partitions are also single skin with stop-chamfered studs and these, together with the ceiling, are lined with single-beaded tongue and groove boards. The rooms are generally without cornices except the 1901 addition which has a timber cove. Some joinery is painted, including four-panelled doors, French doors to the exterior and double hung windows. That which is clear finished includes cedar windows in the north-west (front) and south-east (rear) walls of the 1901 addition and the architraves, reveals and fanlights of the large bi-folding door opening.</p><br>
<p>The 1887 portion of the building comprises a large public area (11 m wide) with a substantial painted cedar counter on the left hand side. A central hallway (1.8 x 11.3 m) separated from the public area by a pair of timber doors leads to the rear of the building and provides access to four rooms, two on each side which are interconnected with doorways. In the hallway wall, a slot exists into the area behind the counter, most likely for the quick transmission of documents. The front left-hand side office (former chief clerks office) behind the public space has timber shelving with labels indicating it was used to store wine and spirits. Bathroom and laundry facilities have been fitted within the rear right-hand side room (former Millicans office) and there is a sink and cabinet located in the adjacent room (former board room), none of which are of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>With a 150 mm higher floor level, the 1901 extension comprises two large rooms (7 x 4.2 m each) connected by a large opening with fanlights above. Cedar bi-fold doors which originally graced this opening have been removed to The World Theatre (the former Australian Bank of Commerce) in Mosman Street. Access to the front room is from the public space of the 1887 structure, and to the rear room from the rear yard and through a short transverse corridor within the former board room.</p><br>
<p>A notable feature of the 1887 building is its provision of natural light and ventilation. The large, tapered-wall roof lantern (8 m high) with operable windows straddles the hallway and front two offices, bathing them in natural light. Fanlights are located above all doorways and there is a variety of high level windows in external timber walls throughout as well as timber fretwork ceiling roses in each of the rooms. An unusual ventilation device is located in the rooms along the windowless north-eastern built-to-boundary wall. In the corners of each room, triangular ventilation ducts (1.2 m high) draw air from beneath the building as well as from the hallway through holes in the partition walls into the rooms.</p><br>
<p>The strong room (11 x 3 m) is located on the north-eastern boundary. It has a concrete floor, thick masonry walls and a heavy steel entrance door facing the main building. Divided into two rooms by a concrete partition wall and second heavy metal door, the western end is constructed of externally rendered brickwork and the remainder is of concrete with a vaulted ceiling (2.5 m high) throughout, laterally braced with metal tie rods. Wall vents provide air circulation to the larger western room and the eastern room contains evidence of timber shelving for storage, a timber cupboard and an early ceiling mounted metal light shade.</p><br>
<p>The rear yard is surfaced with concrete and is sheltered by steel awnings. These elements are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former ED Miles Mining Exchange was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former mining exchange building of ED Miles and Company, reputedly the largest share-broking company in Queensland for almost 40 years during the deep reef mining operations in Charters Towers, is significant in demonstrating the importance of mining exchanges in the evolution of Queenslands gold mining industry, a major contributor to Queenslands wealth. Established by Edward David Miles in 1883, the company provided management and share-broking services for mining companies in the Charters Towers goldfields, which was the highest producing gold field in Queensland, and the third largest in Australia. ED Miles and Company was reputedly the largest of its type in Queensland. The building, constructed in 1887, is a rare surviving and representative example of a highly intact purpose-built building, designed, constructed (1887) and thrice extended (1889, 1891 and 1901) for the purpose of operating a mining exchange.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The ED Miles and Company mining exchange is rare as one of four known buildings of this type in Queensland, all located in Charters Towers; it being the most intact of these.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has the potential to contribute significantly to our understanding of the development of 19th century passive ventilation features used in the construction and design of buildings in Queensland&#39;s hot dry areas. This building features a variation of Tobin Tube ventilation incorporated with high ceilings, part-height interior partitions, ventilated ceiling roses, operable fanlights, high-level windows and a large roof lantern with operable glazing.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a mining exchange - a key activity in a prosperous gold mining town - including a public reception space with counters near the entry, interconnecting offices, board room, and large strong room. The highly intact and rare building is located within the financial district of Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is an important component of the commercial precinct of Mosman and Gill Streets, Charters Towers, comprising a collection of 19th century gold era buildings of significance to Queensland. Situated at the northern end of this precinct, the building is an intact example of a small-scale commercial structure with modestly decorated facade and street awning, contributing to the variety and character of this townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has a strong association with its founder Edward David Miles and his partner Joe Millican. Miles established his mining exchange business serving the Charters Towers deep reef gold mining in 1883, with Millican made partner in 1887, after completion of the building. Both men underpinned the success of ED Miles and Company, which provided services to 31 mining companies during the 1890s, outperforming others in town and reputedly the largest company of its type in Queensland, operating for 35 years from this building. While both men were active in many community organisations, both served local government and were Members of Parliament, the significance of the ED Miles Mining Exchange rests with their involvement with and importance to the Queensland gold mining industry.</p><br>
<p>Ranney Hill  is a rock outcrop approximately 10 kilometers north of Yellowknife, the capital city of the Northwest Territories of Canada. At 682 ft / 208 m. high, it is one of three visible outcrops that can be seen north of the city. It is an anomaly rising from the relatively flat Canadian Shield.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Name</h2><br>
<p>Ranney Hill is named after Winslow C. Ranney, a prospector and trapper who first came into the Yellowknife region in 1934. Numerous claims were staked in this area between 1935 and 1937 by Mr. Ranney. Development was undertaken by a small crew under Ranney’s supervision during 1937 and 1938, and apparently Ranney utilized a small milling unit to recover some gold from a short mine tunnel around 1939. Further exploration was conducted at this site during the 1940s by Ranney Gold Mines Limited, but no further mining development was undertaken. Ranneys now abandoned cabin, claim, and tunnel are between David Lake and Rater Lake — lakes seen in the first illustrative panorama below. In 1998, claims were staked in the area and some shallow x-ray diamond drilling was conducted on Ranneys main claim. The results of this work are unknown. Presently, the Ranney Hill area is a favored hiking destination and is well-marked by ribbons from the Vee Lake Road.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is a large mound of volcanic rock. It was able to resist breakdown by the powerful glaciers that scraped the land in a roughly northwest to southeast direction because cracks in the original magma were infused with silica-like minerals such as quartz. These granodiorite (high content of plagioclase feldspar) dykes and intrusions are pronounced especially along the south face. The hill rises out of a large field of pink granite (pink from high potassium feldspar). Beds of these small rounded boulders lie at the immediate base of the hill&#39;s southeast face providing evidence of their tumbling over the edge of the hill after a journey from the northwest under a glacier. Further north along the east face large chunks of the hill have been eroded off the face. Ranney Hill is beside the West Bay Fault Line where the land on the right of the fault is believed to have moved five kilometers north of its original position during the early shaping of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ranney Hill is an easy drive from Yellowknife, NWT over two types of surfaces, chip seal and gravel. The short journey begins on the new bypass road that forms the beginning of the Ingraham Trail (Highway 4) accessible between Old Airport Rd. and the end of Highway 3. After driving approximately five minutes, the entrance to Vee Lake Road will be seen on the left. After another 10 minutes, the entrance to Ranney Hill will be seen on the left at the last sharp turn of the road before the boat launch, a few hundred meters further. There is no formal parking space at the entrance; visitors park along the widen road edge. Using the new what3words geocoding location tool, the entrance to the trail is found at sunglasses.untaxed.beasts.</p><br>
<h2>Present Use</h2><br>
<p>Ranney Hill is a popular hiking destination because of it close proximity to Yellowknife and its 360° view of the landscape. The area also offers geocaching possibilities. Hikers enroute to the hill should especially note the raised peat plateau at weary.redeye.achievement and a large area of ice-sculpted "whalebacks" at thundering.midnight.boater.</p><br>
<p>The Bassnett–Nickerson House  is a historic house located at 116 South Vermont in Maquoketa, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Its significance is derived from it being a rectangular plan stone house with a hipped roof. That was uncommon for a stone residential building in Jackson County, and it is the only known stone house in the city of Maquoketa. The house also has Italianate elements. Besides the low pitched hipped roof it also features broad eaves, segmental arched openings, and a polygonal bay. It lacks brackets, and any indication of them, which is typical of the Italianate style. The stonework is also unusual in that it is random rubble rather than blocks of cut stone laid in courses.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Bassnett was the landowner at about the time the house was built. T. K. Nickerson was a successful Maquoketa area businessman. He owned a 320 acre farm west of the city where he ran a saw mill, flour mill, and woolen mill. In 1876 he began to quarry the limestone on the property and produced burnt lime. This house remained in his family until 1917.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1992.</p><br>
<p>111 East Maple Street is a historic house located at the address of the same name in Maquoketa, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>This is one of five Greek Revival houses in Maquoketa that represent its earliest extant houses built during its early growth period. Built in about 1855, it features a gable end facade, cornice returns, and slightly pedimented framing on the door and window openings. Most of these features have been subsequently covered by siding. This property was bought by Jonas Clark from John and Eliza Goodenow in 1850. Three years later they ran against each other for mayor with Goodenow winning 32-17. Clark, who was one of the first settlers here, worked as a shop keeper and a stable keeper and would go on to represent Ward 4 as an alderman.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 9, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Perham House is a historic residence located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. This is one of five Greek Revival houses in Maquoketa that represent its earliest extant houses built during its early growth period. Built about 1859, the two-story frame house features a gable roof, full entablature creating a triangular pediment, pilastered corners, and a small wing on the west side. Russell Perham was a New York native who settled in Maquoketa in 1858, and bought this property a year later. It is not known if he had the house built or not. However, the Perham family did own it until Charlotte, his widow, sold the house in 1908. Russell Perham was engaged in the mercantile and milling business, and served as the Justice of the Peace. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Hann Family Grave is a heritage-listed cemetery at Bluff Downs Station, Basalt, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1864 to 1865. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kennedy District was the first area settled by Europeans in North Queensland. The district was officially proclaimed open for settlement on 1 January 1861. Early pastoralists, encouraged by the success of the Australian wool industry, sought land in the district for sheep raising.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest settlers was Joseph Hann. The Hann family had emigrated from Wiltshire in 1851, taking up land on the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria. Family stories indicate that Joseph and his family were not satisfied with the quality of the land they had settled and, encouraged by the buoyant wool industry, decided to follow other Victorian pastoralists moving into North West Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Joseph and his sons, William and John sailed to Rockhampton, bought horses and equipment and travelled overland to Port Denison where they arrived in February 1862. On arrival at the port Joseph, finding that the entire land north to Rockingham Bay and along the Burdekin Valley had been selected, decided to explore the area west of the Burdekin.</p><br>
<p>During a two-month exploration trip the Hanns selected ten runs on the plateau country west of the Burdekin. Joseph Hann described the runs as "fine sheep country, lagoons, waterholes, beautiful volcanic tablelands".</p><br>
<p>Joseph and his sons returned south to sell their Victorian property. However, before they could purchase sufficient sheep for the stations the market was drained of stock as a result of the demand created by pastoralists heading north and by the demand for meat on the Victorian gold fields. In order to fulfil the stocking requirements of their lease Joseph and William travelled to the Darling Downs where they purchased 1800 head of cattle.</p><br>
<p>The Hanns arrived with their stock at Bluff Downs in February 1863 after an epic overland journey of six months. During the next two years they were occupied with establishing their stations. Despite their venture into beef, wool production was still a priority so Joseph began replacing cattle with sheep at the earliest opportunity. The decision to restock with sheep was probably a sound one, made for practical reasons. Unlike other pastoral products wool could be stored without spoiling and was relatively light to transport, while meat, the principal product of cattle could not be stored.</p><br>
<p>In order to finance their pastoral empire, the Hanns had taken three partners into their venture before leaving Victoria. Richard Daintree who worked for the Geology Survey of Victoria and Melbourne financiers Rivett Henry Bland and Edward Klingender. In 1863 Richard Daintree arrived to manage Maryvale Station for the Hanns. He also planned to spend part of his time exploring and surveying.</p><br>
<p>By 1864 the Hann family began experiencing the benefits of their pastoral venture. However, that year was to be a sad one for the family. In January Joseph Hann drowned in the Burdekin River while crossing near the small town of Dalrymple. William and the rest of the family continued their pioneering work although Elizabeth Hann did not recover from the shock of her husbands death. Her health declined and she died on 24 June 1864. William and Mary also lost a child, William, in February 1865 on Bluff Downs. Although it is believed that Josephs body was not recovered after he drowned, Elizabeth and baby William are known to be buried on the bank of the Basalt River below the Bluff Downs Homestead.</p><br>
<p>Despite the early promise of the land west of the Burdekin, the Hanns found that the country was subject to drought. The mid 1860s were difficult years with drought and a slump in the economy and it wasn&#39;t until the discovery of gold, in western Queensland and particularly at Cape River in 1867, that the family could see that their pastoral venture was likely to be successful.</p><br>
<p>In 1868 Richard Daintree was appointed first government geologist for North Queensland and in 1869 he accepted the position of Queensland Agent General in London. Thus the partnership of Hann, Bland, Daintree and Klingender was dissolved in April 1869.</p><br>
<p>The dissolution of the Hann & Co partnership was the beginning of several changes in the family&#39;s life. Despite the more readily available markets for meat on the recently discovered gold fields, squatters were finding that the raising of sheep was not profitable. By 1870 William Hann and his neighbours had to concede that sheep were quite unsuited to the Kennedy. In November William left Maryvale station with 19,000 sheep. He collected an additional 6,000 head from his neighbours Mitchell and Stenhouse on Niall Station for the long trek to markets in the south. The droving trip was an epic journey, which ended in central Victoria eleven months later.</p><br>
<p>After the dissolution of the partnership the Hann family decided to consolidate their holdings by purchasing Maryvale outright from the remaining partners while, at the same time, selling their share in Bluff Downs. The Bluff was sold in mid December 1871 after William completed the sale of the sheep from the stations.</p><br>
<p>After his return from the south in 1872 the Queensland Government asked William Hann to lead an expedition to explore Cape York Peninsula. The party reported on geological phenomena and potential pastoral country while paying particular attention to the search for payable minerals. During the trip gold was found at the Palmer River which led to a rush in 1873. At the height of the rush the Palmer Gold Field had a population of over 30,000, thus creating a new market for the Kennedy squatters which ensured their survival.</p><br>
<p>After William&#39;s remarkable trip south and his successful exploration trip to Cape York the family moved to Maryvale Station and restocked with cattle. Further discoveries of gold in North Queensland and the subsequent opening up of markets for meat in the 1870s ensured that the station became a viable pastoral holding and the Hann family were able to lay the foundations of a pastoral tradition which continues to the present day on Maryvale.</p><br>
<p>With the consolidation of the family holdings and the years of prosperity following the discovery of gold William found time to make a contribution to the local community. He became a foundation member of the Townsville Hospital Board, the Townsville Race Club and Show Society. He contributed 1000 pound to the construction of St James Cathedral, Townsville and served in local government.</p><br>
<p>William Hann died at the age of fifty-two in a drowning accident off The Strand, Townsville.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bluff Downs Station is a cattle property in the northern part of the Kennedy District of Queensland, situated about 150 km northwest of Charters Towers. The Basalt River approximately bisects the station. North of the river are open undulating black soil downs, and south are red basalt tablelands.</p><br>
<p>The Bluff Downs homestead sits on a bend on the river. The grave site is located about 1 km below the Bluff Downs homestead on the western bank of the Basalt River. It is situated on a "bluff" of land about 5 metres above the river. The bluff is suffering substantial erosion at the base.</p><br>
<p>The grave site is shaded by a scatter of eucalypts on the edge of a small plateau running towards the river. There is one prominent grave site remaining, that of members of the Hann family. It has a base platform of concrete, enclosed by an iron palisade fence with a white marble headstone. The grave faces the river. The fence has cast iron cross spearheads within arches, with corner posts of tulips with cast heads. There are some saplings sprouting from the grave.</p><br>
<p>The inscription of the headstone reads:"Sacred to the memory of Joseph Hann who was drowned in the Burdekin River, January 4th 1864 aged 49 years. Elizabeth his wife died June 24th 1864 Aged 54 years. Also of William, son of William and Mary Hann died in February 1865 aged 2 weeks".Beside this site, is a neat pile of decorative ironwork with concrete bases, being the remnants of fence of a grave site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Hann Family Grave was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Hann Family Grave, situated on Bluff Downs Station the pastoral home of the Hann family, is a memorial to three members of the pioneering Hann family who arrived in the Kennedy District of North Queensland during the first years of European settlement. Joseph Hann and his sons William and John were leading figures in the process of exploration and pastoral settlement in the Kennedy Region of north Queensland. William, commissioned by the Queensland Government in the 1870s, led an exploration trip to Cape York during which he discovered gold on the Palmer River. Early pastoralist and explorer William Hann, son of Joseph and Elizabeth and father of baby William, became a prominent member of the North Queensland community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Hann Family Grave, situated on Bluff Downs Station the pastoral home of the Hann family, is a memorial to three members of the pioneering Hann family who arrived in the Kennedy District of North Queensland during the first years of European settlement. Joseph Hann and his sons William and John were leading figures in the process of exploration and pastoral settlement in the Kennedy Region of north Queensland. William, commissioned by the Queensland Government in the 1870s, led an exploration trip to Cape York during which he discovered gold on the Palmer River. Early pastoralist and explorer William Hann, son of Joseph and Elizabeth and father of baby William, became a prominent member of the North Queensland community.</p><br>
<p>The West Pleasant Street Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The historic district is primarily a residential area that was built during Maquoketas "Boom Years"  and the "Comfortable Years" . The first house built in the district was in 1863 and the last was in 1914. This is where many of the citys business and professional leaders choose to build their houses. Most of the 28 houses were probably not designed by an architect, but were crafted in the "High Style" of the time by local builders. With the exception of Greek Revival, all the major styles of the period built in Maquoketa are found here. Eight of the houses and one of the three remaining carriage houses are brick structures; the rest are wood.</p><br>
<p>The Maquoketa Public Library at the east entrance of the district is only non-residential contributing building. The J.E. Squiers House at the west entrance of the district is individually listed on the National Register, as is the library. The non-contributing site is a surface parking lot.</p><br>
<p>St Columba&#39;s Church Bell Tower is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic bell tower at 134 Gill Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Charles William Smith and built from 1897 to 1898. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bell tower at St Columba&#39;s Church is a timber framework set on a concrete base and supports a Burns & Oats bell. It was constructed in 1897 and was probably designed by Charles William Smith, architect for the now demolished church.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the establishment of the gold field in early 1872 and a visit to the field by Bishop of Brisbane James Quinn, the Catholic Church erected temporary church buildings at Charters Towers, Queenton and Millchester. A Father Dunham was initially appointed to serve these churches but left within a year. St Columba&#39;s church was erected on the Just in Time mining lease at Queenton, but for some years it was served only intermittently by visiting priests. The first incumbent was Father Denis Houhy who arrived on 6 January 1876. Mining activity on the Just in Time lease increased and in November 1878 several blocks of land were purchased for the church on the corner of Gill Street and what was to be Church Street. The church from the Just In Time lease was moved to the Gill Street site but was destroyed in a storm in September 1879. A new church was built in 1880 and the remains of the old one recycled to provide a school building.</p><br>
<p>In November, 1890 a new and most energetic Irish pastor arrived, Reverend Father Comerford. Finding the church buildings inadequate and decaying, he set a major building program in motion. The school and church were enlarged and a fine new convent built for the Sisters of Mercy, who had been enduring primitive accommodation. In 1893, he began collecting for a new bell tower and bell, which was ordered from the London foundry of Burns and Oats at a cost of £210.</p><br>
<p>A tower to house the bell was constructed in 1897-1898 at a cost of £325/17/3. At this time major extensions and alterations were being carried out to the church to the design of Charles William Smith, Charters Towers partner of the firm of W.G. Smith & Sons. The account for the belltower includes architect&#39;s fees and it is probable that the tower was also designed by C.W. Smith. Both were completed in 1898, the new church being capable of seating 1000.</p><br>
<p>The work carried out on site in the 1890s, including minor items like offices and stabling, amounted to £9,900 worth of work. and provided facilities at the time "far surpassing anything in North Queensland". The majority of the cost and an outstanding parish debt was paid by the end of the decade, a remarkable feat in an era marked generally by financial depression, and is a testament to the support of the congregation and the prosperity of Charters Towers. In 1902 bracing was carried out to the frame work of the belltower and the concrete foundations were reinforced in 1923.</p><br>
<p>St Columbas church was listed by the National Trust of Queensland in 1973 along with the presbytery and bell tower. The tower is now the only building left from the nineteenth century complex of buildings on site. It was repaired and painted when the new church was built in 1974 and this may have been when the weatherboards that originally enclosed the base of the tower as a small shed were removed. The stair that allowed access to the bellringers platform has also been removed and the platform now has cross braced balustrading instead of the original dowels.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The bell tower is constructed of heavy dressed and painted timbers and consists of four structural members forming legs which are strengthened by cross-bracing. It has a steeply pitched pagoda roof topped by a cross. Small acroteria decorate the corners of the roof, which is clad with corrugated iron. The tower is hung with a Burns & Oats bell. There is a bellringer&#39;s platform finished with cross braced balustrading, however, there is no stair to permit access and the legs of the tower are now exposed. The tower is visible from some streets away and is a local landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Bell Tower of St Columba&#39;s Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The bell tower is the last surviving structure from a major church precinct in Charters Towers and is evidence for the development of the Catholic Church in North Queensland and the prosperity and importance of the Charters Towers goldfield in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The belltower has been a landmark in the city since 1897, its massive timber frame suggesting an era when the Charters Towers landscape was dotted with other timber towers which supported the winding machinery for mines.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Columba&#39;s belltower is important for its association with the history of the Parish as the only nineteenth century structure remaining on a site occupied by Roman Catholic Church buildings since the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The Tillman House is a historic house in Natchez, Mississippi, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tillman House was built from 1834 to 1837 by Joseph Neibert and Peter Gemmell. In 1837, it was purchased by Lemuel P. Rooks. Roughly a decade later, in 1845, it was purchased by Dr. Charles H. Dubs, a dentist from Philadelphia. In the midst of the American Civil War, in 1862, the house was purchased by Joseph Tillman and his wife Ricca, a Jewish couple who had come to Natchez in 1843. It was subsequently inherited by their son, Cassius L. Tillman, Sr., who served as the treasurer of Adams County.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 17, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers Police Station is a heritage-listed police station at 49 Gill Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Pye and built in 1910 by T Johnson. It is also known as Police Barracks. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charters Towers Police Station was the product of the Queensland Government Architect&#39;s Office of Alfred Barton Brady. The drawings are signed by the Deputy Government Architect Thomas Pye, and the design is possibly his work. The building was constructed in 1910 by builder T Johnson.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of gold at Charters Towers in December 1871 and the expansion of the pastoral industry in the region created a need for a resident police force. By 1872 Charters Towers had become the second most important police station in Queensland, after Brisbane, with a staff of 24 police. In 1878, there was a population of 3,760 people on the Charters Towers gold field and there were 256 issues dealt with by staff. These figures are more meaningful when contrasted with the Gympie gold field which had a population of 4,760 but only 79 cases were dealt with.</p><br>
<p>Nothing is known about the early accommodation for police staff on the gold field; however, a wooden police barracks appears to have been built on the Gill Street site prior to 1891. This barracks was extended in 1891 and again in 1894. By 1907 plans were being drawn up to replace the timber building with new brick premises at an estimated cost of £3000. The existing wooden structure was to be moved to the rear of the block and would be sold for removal after the new building was opened.</p><br>
<p>£3500 was set aside in the 1908 Queensland Government budget towards the cost of the new barracks and in February, 1909 sketch plans were drawn up. Tenders were called twice, once on 15 April 1909 and again on 3 June 1909. A memo from the Secretary of Public Works, which the Government Architect AP Brady signed on 7 February 1910, recommended that the tender for £3335, from Charters Towers contractor T Johnson, be accepted. The work was to take eight months and included the construction of fences and gates.</p><br>
<p>In June 1910 the bricks being used in the construction of the building were found to be faulty, and the contractor was told to use them only in interior walls and to supply better quality bricks for the exterior of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building, when completed, was a two-storey structure of red bricks relieved with rough cast. On the ground floor there was provision for an inspectors, sergeants and clerk&#39;s offices. There was a large day room for constables, a kitchen and a semi detached verandah dining area and on the first floor there were large dormitories and three bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>There is little evidence of alterations to the building for some time, other than the installation of the septic in 1960 at a cost of £3088, and the conversion in 1975 of the station to a district headquarters which involved some internal modifications.</p><br>
<p>On "Black Friday" 13 May 1988 the police station was substantially damaged by fire. The roof collapsed, and the interiors were largely gutted. The external brick shell and the internal brick dividing wall survived, along with the timber front verandah, parts of the rear verandah and most of the timber floor. The roof of the brick kitchen block to the rear also collapsed, and its brick shell survived, but this building was subsequently demolished.</p><br>
<p>Initially it appeared that the building would be demolished and the site sold for development. However, strong community feeling favoured rebuilding. Letters to the editor pointed out the streetscape significance of the former building, the importance of retaining all the remaining buildings in Gill Street, and the important role of the police, working from this site since the late 1880s, in the economic and social development of the city. After strong lobbying from the Queensland National Trust and the signing of a petition by 2000 of the town&#39;s 8000 residents the Queensland Government provided funds for the repair of the building.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building was consequently rebuilt, having only some reflection of its former layout. An additional wing including the new watch-house was also added to the rear. On completion of this work, the building was again in use as the police station by late 1990, and was officially reopened on 19 March 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Charters Towers Police Station is a two-storeyed brick building fronted with a timber verandah. The building&#39;s principal facade faces south addressing Gill Street, the main street of Charters Towers. Charters Towers, and Gill Street in particular retains many of its early commercial and public buildings, and the Police Station is located near the centre of this historical business district. Extending from the rear of the main building is the single-storey wing of the watch-house.</p><br>
<p>Sitting between single-storey shops built to the street alignment, the Police Station punctuates the streetscape with a two-storey facade and a small garden filling the setback from the alignment. The front of the site is marked by a white timber picket fence. This fence has openings at both entrances to the verandah, and an earlier gate at the western end.</p><br>
<p>Rectangular in plan, the main block is built of brick with a corrugated steel hipped roof. The roof has a timber fleche centred on its ridge, and extends to cover the front verandah. The symmetrical composition of the Gill Street facade features the two-storeyed timber verandah.</p><br>
<p>The external walls of the front and side elevations are mostly face brickwork, which is now painted. Outside the verandah, the walls above the upper sill are rendered in roughcast. The front verandah finishes short of each end, leaving a small bay for a double-hung window on each level.</p><br>
<p>The verandah has projecting bays at each end over the entries, with double posts at the corners. There is a slatted balustrade to both levels with fretted feature panels. The lower level has an arched timber valance. Several steps lead up to lower timber verandah, and a timber disabled ramp provides access at the western end.</p><br>
<p>French doors with fanlights provide access to the front verandah at both levels. The end elevations feature double-hung windows with slatted window hoods. The rear verandah area has been enclosed in timber framing, and clad in weatherboards, then connected to the concrete block watch-house wing.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the front block has been fitted out as offices and work areas. It is lined with plasterboard ceilings and partition walls.</p><br>
<p>The property extends through to Ryan Street at the rear. Behind the watch-house are driveways and parking areas.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Charters Towers Police Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers Police Station is important in demonstrating the role of the police force in the development of Queensland regional towns, particularly gold mining towns such as Charters Towers during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Their use of this central city site for over a century has established a prominent role for the police service in the city&#39;s business district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers Police Station is an example of quality public building work of the Government Architect&#39;s Office. It is a surviving example of a type of early 20th century police barracks, which once included several examples in North Queensland such as Townsville and Cairns, now both demolished.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located in Gill Street, the main street of Charters Towers, the Police Station makes a substantial contribution to the historical commercial streetscape of the city. Its two-storey height and setback make it a feature amongst its surroundings. Apart from Fossey&#39;s Store, it is one of the few unrendered masonry historical buildings of this central commercial district.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Following substantial damage to the building by fire in 1988, the importance of the building to the city was demonstrated by the strong community response through petitions and letters, arguing against the demolition of the building, and supporting the retention of what had survived and the rebuilding of what had been lost.</p><br>
<p>Venus State Battery is a heritage-listed stamper battery at MacDonald Street, Millchester, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1872. It is also known as Venus Gold Battery and Venus Mill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Venus was one of the earliest stamp batteries to be erected on the Charters Towers gold field as it was operating by July 1872. The first owners were Mr Edmund Harris Thornburgh Plant and Mr G. Jackson. Bricks were made on site for its construction. Initially the mill processed ore from a deep lead to the south-east of Millchester. When first erected the battery had only five head of stamps, but a second five was quickly added, then a third five in August 1872 and a fourth five in September 1873 making 20 head of stamps.</p><br>
<p>By 1897 the battery was described in The North Queensland Register as having 20 head of stamps, 80 berdans, one wheeler, four settlers, three buddles, all driven by a 30h.p. engine. By this period the mill was owned by Messrs Whitehead, D. Rolleston and J. Tilley and managed by Mr J. Barrett. It was one of seventeen then operating on the Charters Towers gold field. (The term "mill" was commonly used on the Charters Towers gold field in the nineteenth century to refer to a stamper or crushing battery, and later the term included all the concentrating and processing works at the place.)</p><br>
<p>Although the Charters Towers reefs were exhausted by 1917, the town remained the centre for small mining operations which were serviced by the Venus Battery, which was owned by the Queensland Government from 1919. Ore came from as far away as Chillagoe, Woolgar River and Iron Range on Cape York Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>There is reasonable evidence to indicate that the Venus battery changed quite dramatically some time before the Queensland Government assumed ownership in November 1919; local residents date this at 1907. The number of stamps increased from 20 to 35 and the building was altered to accommodate the increase. The Inspector of Mines on 10 July 1919 stated that: "...the mill is very well laid out for public crushing, each of the seven batteries being a complete unit in themselves from the feed hoppers to the sand pits." (By 1982, this could be said of only two batteries of five head of stamps).</p><br>
<p>In 1935 only three batteries of stamps were working and No.2 boilers&#39; brick foundation was crumbling. The Inspector of Mines stated that "a State Mill must be kept here even if it only averages 100 tons per month...the Venus has never yielded the Department any profit, in fact a steady loss on working expenses and no return on capital account". He proposed relocating the plant to the old Brilliant Extended Mill site alongside the railway station, which had advantages of a railway connection and cheaper power. However this did not happen.</p><br>
<p>In January 1941 a major flood damaged the weir and the Venus State Battery was to receive large scale repairs when crushing operations were suspended in 1942, presumably because of World War II disruptions. Electricity was installed in 1946 and the battery was updated and kept under repair. In May 1951 the cyanide plant was increased in size to its current configuration, although a new agitator was added in April 1954 to enable treatment of different quality ores from the Carrington mines at Liontown.</p><br>
<p>In December 1952 the roof above the old crusher had to be replaced because of white ant damage. In late 1958, five new stamps were ordered from the original suppliers, Walkers Brothers of Maryborough.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the battery operated for only thirteen weeks. The Mines Department was concerned to preserve the historic value of the site and offered it to the Charters Towers City Council, who refused it. The National Trust of Queensland took over responsibility for the battery on 5 April 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A group of timber frame, corrugated iron clad buildings comprising an almost intact crushing and treatment plant. The battery shed contains four ore bins, a rockbreaker, four 5 head stamp batteries including three with timber blankets draining to three wilfley tables, and six berdan pans. The battery shed also houses a forge, workshop and office. Brick flues connect with the base of a square brick chimney, the boiler having been removed in favour of electric mains power in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Cyanide plant sheds immediately north of the battery shed house seven agitator vats, clarifier vats, solution tanks a Forward Down grinding pan, two motor sheds and a gold room. The place also contains three groups of concrete and brick rendered tailings tanks, a fibro clad assay office, corrugated iron toilet, and a weighbridge and corrugated iron office. A Cornish boiler has been adapted upside down as an elevated water tank. A concrete weir is located on Gladstone Creek. An abandoned house on Lot 1\MPH1536 New Street is adjacent to and associated with the battery.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Forward Down grinding pan</p><br>
<p>Five-head battery & frame, mortar box - Walkers Limited No 156</p><br>
<p>Five-head battery & frame, mortar box - Walkers Limited No 168</p><br>
<p>2 Five-head batteries and frames - no brands</p><br>
<p>6 Berdan pans</p><br>
<p>7 Cyanide vats</p><br>
<p>Rock breaker</p><br>
<p>3 Wilfley tables</p><br>
<p>Weighbridge</p><br>
<p>Cornish boiler (converted to an elevated water tank)</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Venus State Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Venus State Battery is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s mining history. It is the earliest surviving battery in Queensland having been first constructed in 1872 although the machinery and power plant has been reconstructed at least four times.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Venus State Battery is unique as the only intact battery and cyanide plant in the Charters Towers Mining District. The grouping of battery, cyanide plant, assay office, weighbridge, weir and cottage is a unique grouping in Queensland. The place contains rare brick chimneys and the largest number of stamps (20) of all surviving batteries in Queensland. Its intactness of machinery and plant layout is rare in Queensland and Australian mining heritage and its history of continuing use, as an example of State Enterprise in the 1920s maintained for the benefit of small miners in North Queensland, has potential to yield information that will further contribute to an understanding of the Queenslands&#39;s social and economic history.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Its intactness of machinery and plant layout is rare in Queensland and Australian mining heritage and its history of continuing use, as an example of State Enterprise in the 1920s maintained for the benefit of small miners in North Queensland, has potential to yield information that will further contribute to an understanding of the Queenslands&#39;s social and economic history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Venus State Battery is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a crushing, concentrating and cyaniding mill and its setting on the banks of Gladstone Creek in the once flourishing suburb of Millchester exhibits aesthetic characteristics that are valued by sections of the community.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Venus State Battery is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a crushing, concentrating and cyaniding mill and its setting on the banks of Gladstone Creek in the once flourishing suburb of Millchester exhibits aesthetic characteristics that are valued by sections of the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The survival and conservation of the Venus State Battery is due to its social and economic value for and strong association with the local mining community and the National Trust of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Neibert-Fisk House, also known as Choctaw, is a historic mansion in Natchez, Mississippi, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land belonged to Sir William Dunbar in the early 19th century. In 1826, it was inherited by one of his sons, Archibald Dunbar.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was built for Joseph Neibert, a real estate speculator, in 1836. It was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style. It is believed to have been designed and built by carpenter James Hardie, but Neibert may have further added to the design. It was purchased by Alvarez Fisk, a merchant and philanthropist, in 1844. Fisk was active in the Mississippi Colonization Society, which repatriated slaves to Africa prior to the American Civil War of 1861-1865.</p><br>
<p>By 1855, the mansion was purchased by George Malin Davis, an attorney. From 1915 to 1919, it was home to Stanton College, a women&#39;s college. By 1937, it was purchased by the City of Natchez, and restored. A fire damaged the first floor in 1978, but it was subsequently restored again.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 22, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Mining works on Towers Hill is a heritage-listed group of mining ruins at Towers Hill, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. They were built from 1872 to 1940s. They are individually known as Pyrites Works, Rainbow Battery, and Towers Chlorination Works. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Towers Hill was the site of the first discovery of gold in December 1871 which led to the development of the Charters Towers Goldfield. George E. Clarke, Hugh Mosman, John Fraser and an Aboriginal called Jupiter comprised the prospecting party. They camped near the quartz strewn outcrops of the North Australia Reef. Commissioner William Charters awarded prospecting claims to Clarke, Mosman and Fraser on the North Australia line of reef on 25 March 1872.</p><br>
<h3>Pyrites Works</h3><br>
<p>By the mid 1880s milling technology had developed considerably since the early days of the 1870s before mining had reached the ores below the water table. Crushing involved the breaking of the ore by gravitation stamps, with the resulting powder carried by a stream of water over copper plates coated with mercury to catch the gold. The gold was then recovered by scraping the amalgam from the plates and separating the two metals by distillation. When mining reached the water table this method proved inadequate for the recovery of gold in pyrites and base metal sulphides. New plants were set up to concentrate and retreat the tailings from the mills. Six pyrites works are shown on Robert Logan Jack&#39;s 1878 plan of the Charters Towers Goldfield. Chlorination, which was introduced in the mid 1880s, involved first roasting the concentrates slowly in a large reverberatory furnace to expel the sulphur from the pyrites and to oxidise their base metals so as to reduce the amount of chlorine they could absorb. Salt was then added to satisfy copper, zinc and other metals whose oxides have a tendency to form chlorides when chlorine is presented to them in a free state. Finally chlorine and water were introduced so that the gold gradually formed a solution of gold chloride which was collected and precipitated.</p><br>
<p>David Alexander Brown designed and installed the original works and at the height of the Charters Towers Pyrites Works prosperity, he was sent to South Africa and England to study new methods of treatment. He was much impressed by chemical and electrical work done in England and on returning, built his patent "Hillside" furnace, erected works, and in all spent about £60,000 on new plant.</p><br>
<p>Operation of the works involved ore being fed in at the top of the hill and swept down through a reverberatory furnace to the bottom. It was swept along a hearth 3.2m wide for a length of over 100m by automatic rabbles and took about three hours to descend. The furnace was surmounted by a monumental chimney stack 54.7m high and 5.6m in diameter at the base on the outside. The stack was built of 120,000 bricks.</p><br>
<p>Between the stack and the feed hopper were elaborate dust chambers - four double and five single ones. These chambers had a V shaped cross-section, about 9m across at the top and sloping 45 degrees to a trough at the bottom. They were built and buttressed in brick.</p><br>
<p>The furnace had a number of arches which were parallel to the length of the furnace rather than a continuous arch from side to side. The total fall of the furnace was 90.2m, the length of the hearth therefore being considerably more than 100m. The total height from the furnace door to the top of the chimney stack was 145m.</p><br>
<p>The wood consumed by the furnace was said to average 4 cwt. per ton of ore roasted. It was claimed that from 250 to 300 tons of mixed concentrates and slimes were processed per week.</p><br>
<p>A smaller Hillside furnace, 47.5m long and 3.2m wide, was used by Brown as the design basis for the larger one.</p><br>
<p>The company installed a very complete electrical transmission plant and the ore was hoisted up an inclined tramway to the top of the hill by means of motors; the dust was sucked back from the chambers, a Roots blower was operated, the furnace was rabbled, and the ore conveyed.</p><br>
<p>Other components of the works included a Carr&#39;s disintegrator which crushed glass to add to filter vats of fine damped sand through which chlorine gas was passed, then chlorine water was added from above to dissolve out the gold. Eight precipitating vats, each about 3m in diameter by 1m deep, were used to precipitate gold from solutions. The precipitate was burnt in a reverberatory furnace, leaving the ash and gold to be smelted, or sometimes the gold was redissolved and precipitated, after which it was smelted. With the advance of cyanide treatment technology, introduced commercially to Charters Towers by the Australian Gold Recovery Company in 1892, the low cost of handling and treating sands and slimes and the utter simplicity of the new process, meant that the chlorination works, once so prosperous, became redundant and were shut down. The Forrest-McArthur cyanidation process of treating mill tailings was perfected by 1895. In 1899 there were 96 cyaniding plants in Charters Towers. That was the year of peak gold production - 319,572 fine ozs.</p><br>
<p>By 1904 the Pyrites Works had converted to a cyanide treatment plant; four more sand vats of similar dimensions to those used in the chlorination process were added, and the red tailings which had been chlorinated were retreated by cyanide.</p><br>
<p>On 10 July 1901, the manager of the Pyrites Works, David Alexander Brown, was advised that his salary would be reduced from £8 to £6 per week. Angry about this decision, Brown went to the meeting of company directors that evening and demanded to be shown the minutes of the meeting at which his salary was reduced. Graham Haygarth, the meetings chairman, refused and Brown pulled a revolver and shot Haygarth, killing him. Brown then tried to shoot another director, James Matchett, but the revolver misfired. The other directors ran from the room and Brown shot himself in the head, but failed to kill himself. Brown was tried for murder and sentenced to death on 7 November 1901 at a Supreme Court sitting at Charters Towers Courthouse. Brown was hanged at Brisbanes Boggo Road Gaol on 9 December 1901. The landmark chimney became known locally as "Brown&#39;s Folly". It was demolished in 1942 when it was considered a hazard to aircraft.</p><br>
<h3>Rainbow Battery</h3><br>
<p>The Rainbow reef was the site of early mining claims worked during 1872. In mid 1875 the owners of the Rainbow Claim floated a company to finance the sinking of a new vertical shaft. From the Rainbow reef 15,479 tons of ore were crushed for 28,130 ozs. The vertical shaft was 67m deep and the underlie over 244m. The Rainbow mine continued to be worked until about 1896.</p><br>
<p>It is not known when the battery was constructed as it was not shown on R.L. Jack&#39;s 1878 plan or in an 1878 photo of the Rainbow line of reef. However The North Queensland Register reported in 1897 that the Rainbow battery had a 16h.p. engine, 10 head of stamps, 10 berdans, 2 wheelers, a buddle, and concentrators. Ore was run direct to the mill, which was on the Rainbow lease. The Rainbow battery was idle in 1897 and owned by the Queensland National Bank.</p><br>
<p>It is not known if it worked continuously again, although it is shown on Frederick Deighton&#39;s 1903 plan of the Charters Towers Goldfield and on later large-scale Geological Survey of Queensland plans. On the latter, extensive areas of associated tailings are also mapped. In 1911 it was reported that tributors took 36 tons from the Welcome P.C. mine mullock dump and treated it at the Rainbow battery.</p><br>
<p>A photograph of the Rainbow battery appearing in the Queensland Government Mining Journal of 15 February 1917 (p. 65) shows the works still structurally intact and comprised a corrugated-iron clad battery shed, raff wheel, tanks, tailings dam and other buildings, with Towers Hill and the Pyrites Works chimney in the background.</p><br>
<h3>Clarke's Mine and Battery</h3><br>
<p>Clarkes mine on the north-western side of Towers Hill is in the vicinity of the first discovery of gold in 1871 by Clarke, Mosman, Fraser and party. Clarkes Gold Mine was worked on the Lady Maria and Moonstone reefs between 1872 and 1885. In 1885 it was one of the claims that amalgamated to form the Mosman Gold Mine which was floated in the United Kingdom in the following year. Under this name it worked until 1898. After this the various claims split again and Clarkes Gold Mine reopened in 1914 and worked fairly successfully until 1924. In this stage the mine produced about 42,000 ounces of gold from the Lady Maria and Clarkes Moonstone reefs. The Clarke&#39;s shafts probably produced about 70,000 ounces of gold over their lives, but production figures are confused because of the amalgamations. George Clarke later prospected on the Russell River goldfield before going to Papua New Guinea, where he was killed on the Mambare River in 1895.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Towers Hill is a large granite hill rising 1,343m above sea level.</p><br>
<h3>Pyrites Works</h3><br>
<p>The site comprises a complex of remnant concrete, brick and stone-pitched mill foundations extending down the eastern slope of Towers Hill. Demolished remains of a large brick chimney are located on top of the hill. The stone footings of two furnaces, including internal brick stairways, extend down from the chimney to the hearth areas near the base of the hill. Stone-terraced foundations of the chlorination works are separately located immediately south of the furnaces. Remnants of the red tailings from the Pyrites Works are located at the north-east base of Towers Hill. White tailings sands and recent retreatment tanks are located at the eastern base of the hill below the chlorination works. The stone base of an original chimney and flue, and the formation of the Pyrites branch railway with stone bridge abutments, are located further south of the works, near an area of early camp sites.</p><br>
<h3>Rainbow Battery</h3><br>
<p>The site comprises an area of concrete and rendered-stone battery foundations, engine mounts and retaining walls. A tailings pit and two large concrete settling tanks are separately located on the southern side. A stone and earth dam is situated adjacent to the battery foundations on the north-west. A partially removed area of tailings adjacent to the battery on the north-east forms a component of the site. The remains of the Pyrites Works are visible on Towers Hill to the south.</p><br>
<h3>Clarke's Mine and Battery</h3><br>
<p>The concrete and brick foundations for a winding engine, boiler and headframe survive as evidence of the mine surface plant. A large pile of mullock now fills and covers the shaft entrance. A concrete lined inground water tank has been constructed on top of the spur overlooking the mine. The demolished remains of a timber-framed cement-sheet clad hut of World War II military origin are located beside the mine on the former telegraph maintenance track. Concrete stamp battery foundations and mill surfaces are situated on a lower level immediately to the south. The mine mullock was adapted during World War II for construction of four form-cast concrete explosives stores which are built into the dump. These stores form part of a large complex of similar wartime structures which are constructed over the south-west slopes of Towers Hill. The place is intersected by an early telegraph route with Siemens Bros. & Co., London, iron telegraph pole bases surviving. Timber poles from later telegraph and telephone route construction are also present.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The mining works on Towers Hill were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Pyrites Works site is important in demonstrating the evolution of gold extraction practices in Queensland. Additional historical themes are represented by other components surviving in this landscape including an early reservoir, early telegraph line poles and World War II explosives magazines. Nature conservation values are also present. The visible association of the site with a 1950s telephone line route utilising early telegraph line poles and the secure storage of explosives during World War II provides a unique combination of past technologies and events, and a continuity of history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Pyrites Chlorination Works is a rare, if not unique, survivor of its kind, exhibiting in its layout and foundation the latest chlorination process technology before the introduction of the cyanide process; then its takeover and adaptation to the cyaniding process.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>These characteristics give the Pyrites Chlorination Works the potential to yield information likely to contribute to further understanding the history of mineral processing technology.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Towers Hill contains the most extensive remains of a pyrites chlorination works in Queensland. The Rainbow battery site is a surviving example of the layout of a once representative ore processing mill and demonstrates the pattern of establishing a battery near a line of reef. In addition its location clearly illustrates a physical association with the Pyrites Works and Towers Hill. Clarke&#39;s Mine and Battery also represents two distinct phases in the life of the Charters Towers field: the initial prospecting and working of surface outcrops, then the latter reworking of reef offshoots from the surface workings following the exhaustion of the deep leads in the centre of the town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Pyrites Chlorination works, located on the east side of Towers Hill, contribute to the historical landscape and landmark qualities which are further enhanced by the size of the granite Towers Hill rising 1,343m above sea level and visible from far distances.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Pyrites Chlorination Works is a rare, if not unique, survivor of its kind, exhibiting in its layout and foundation the latest chlorination process technology before the introduction of the cyanide process; then its takeover and adaptation to the cyaniding process.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Towers Hill has a special association with the community of Charters Towers for social reasons associated with its landmark qualities and led to the town and its surrounds being called "The Towers" since the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Clarke&#39;s mine and battery foundations are significant because of their association with George E. Clarke, one of the discoverers of the Charters Towers Goldfield.</p><br>
<p>Myrtle Bank is a historic house in Natchez, Mississippi, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land was surveyed by Sir William Dunbar in the 18th century. It was granted to George Overarker, a planter, in 1795. Overarker, who also owned Hawthorne Place and Hope Farm, built Myrtle Bank prior to 1818.</p><br>
<p>By 1835, Alfred Cochran and his wife Eliza, who was William Dunbars great-granddaughter, purchased the house. Two decades later, in 1856, it was purchased by Benjamin Wade, a planter. Wade leased it to The Natchez Young Ladies Institute, a girls boarding school, until the outset of the American Civil War in 1861. The house remained in the Wade family until the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The house was restored by a new owner in 1957.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 22, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Laguna Amarga is a caldera and associated ignimbrite in the Andes of northwestern Argentina.</p><br>
<p>Laguna Amarga is part of the southern Central Volcanic Zone and one among several Miocene-Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic centres of this volcanic region. The formation of magma chambers and thus of large volcanic systems has apparently been influenced by tectonic changes. The Laguna Amarga caldera is associated with the Cordillera Claudio Gay faults together with the Laguna Escondida and Wheelwright calderas, all of which are between 6.5 and 4 mya old. Laguna Amarga and Laguna Verde are sometimes associated with the Vallecito ignimbrite instead. The formation of the Laguna Amarga volcanic centre was probably influenced by orogenic changes in the Andes which triggered the formation of fractures in the crust.</p><br>
<p>The Laguna Amarga caldera has a diameter of 33 km and is linked to the Laguna Escondida caldera.</p><br>
<p>The 630 km3 Laguna Verde ignimbrite was erupted 4-3 mya ago and is associated with these two calderas. Other dates are 4.5 ± 0.5 to 3.0 ± 0.2 mya. The ignimbrite covers an area of 86.46 km&sup2, cropping out southwest of the Laguna Amarga ignimbrite. The Laguna Verde ignimbrite ranges from dacite to rhyolite in composition, containing biotite, pumice, quartz and sanidine.</p><br>
<p>The Laguna Amarga ignimbrite was erupted 5.1 mya ago, or 3.7-4.1 mya, and it has a volume of over 70 km3. It extends north-northwest from Peinado volcano. The ignimbrite is somewhat welded and contains vesicular pumice, and bears some similarity with the Cyclops ignimbrite 50 km away. Further, the Laguna Amarga ignimbrites like the Cerro Blanco and Galan ignimbrites are rich in sodium. It covers a surface area of 611.02 km&sup2, cropping out around the Laguna Amarga. Another ignimbrite, Los Colorados, is located at the edge of the Amarga caldera but its eruptive centre is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The Star of Hope Lodge is a historic former commercial and fraternal society building on Main Street in downtown Vinalhaven, Maine. Built in 1885, this large Second Empire building is one of a few commercial buildings to survive in the island community. It was restored in the 1980s by artist Robert Indiana for use as an art gallery and studio space. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Star of Hope Lodge building stands on the north side of Main Street in the center of Vinalhaven&#39;s main village. It is a large three-story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof and clapboarded exterior. The street-facing facade has two storefronts flanking a central entrance, which is in a slightly projecting section topped by a mansard turret. The entrance is recessed, the sheltering section of the projection supported by large Italianate brackets. Windows on the upper floors are topped by bracketed and gabled pediments, and the steep sections of the mansard roof have wall dormers with long paired windows with rounded tops. A Palladian style window adorns that level in the central projecting section. The storefronts each consist of display windows on either side of a recessed entry.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1885 by the local chapter of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF), a fraternal society, with retail space on the ground floor, and club meeting spaces above. It is one of Vinalhaven&#39;s few surviving reminders of its economic height in the 1880s, when granite from the island was shipped to many parts of the eastern United States. After the IOOF ceased activity, the building was acquired by photographer Eliot Elisofon as a studio space, which he later rented to Robert Indiana. Indiana purchased the building after Elisofon died, and oversaw its rehabilitation.</p><br>
<p>Damon Hall, also known as Hartland Town Hall, is located at the junction of United States Route 5, Quechee Road, and Vermont Route 12 in the village center of Hartland, Vermont. Built in 1914-15 as a memorial to the locally prominent businessman William E. Damon, it is a fine local example of Colonial Revival architecture, and has served the town in many capacities since its construction. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Damon Hall stands facing east toward the principal intersection of Hartland village. It is fronted to the east by Durphy Road, which forms the west side of small triangular green with Quechee Road and Skunk Hollow Road (VT 12), with US 5 running east and south from the green&#39;s southeast corner. The hall is a 1-1/2 story masonry structure, built out of brick with concrete trim, and set on a concrete foundation. It is covered by a dormered hip roof with a modillioned cornice. The main entrance is set in the east-facing short side, frame by pilasters and Tuscan columns which support an entablature and modillioned gable. On either side are two sash windows, which have shared concrete lintels and sills. The building corners are articulated by brick piers, which rise to a band of corbelling and a stringcourse of projecting brick. The building interior is dominated by a central auditorium, with stage at the far end and balcony at the near end. Town offices are housed in corner rooms on the second floor, with additional rooms behind the stage on both floors.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1914-15 to a design by H. F. Beckwith of Claremont, New Hampshire. It was a gift to the town by the heirs of William E. Damon, a prominent local businessman who died in 1911. It was built on a site that had previously been occupied (since 1795) by a hotel. One of the front rooms originally house the town library, and the hall has been used for town meetings as well as theatrical productions and other performance events. The building is an unusually sophisticated example of Colonial Revival architecture for what was, at the time of its construction, a small community of limited means.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Butterworth House is a historic residence located north of Andrew, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 are houses. The Butterworth house features a five bay symmetrical facade capped by a gable roof. The stones, which were said to have been quarried on this farm, are of various sizes and shapes and are laid in courses. Unlike many of the stone houses in Jackson County, the Butterworth house makes use of Classical entablature and pilasters around the transom and the sidelights of the main entry. The double end chimneys are found on only two other stone houses in the county.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Butterworth was one of the first settlers in the Andrew area, arriving in 1838. He built a log house on this property in 1845. It was located on the territorial road between Dubuque and Davenport. Stage coaches would stop at the log house and at this stone house, which was built in 1852. Called the Butterworth Inn, it also served as a post office. Ansel Briggs, who would become Iowa&#39;s first governor, would stop here while working as a stagecoach driver. He also lived here from 1866 to 1871. After 1891 this stone structure has been used only as a private residence, and it has remained in the Butterworth family. The log house and a fame barn from the 1840s survived into the 1960s. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Slye House is a historic residence located north of Andrew, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 are houses. The Slye house features a five bay symmetrical facade capped by a gable roof. Slye, a native of England, quarried the stones for the house himself and had a stonemason construct the house. The stones are of various sizes and shapes and laid in courses. The double end chimneys are found on only two other stone houses in the county, and the Slye and DeFries houses have them constructed in brick. Also similar to the DeFries House is the use of jack arches instead on lintels above the windows and doors. It is possible that both houses were constructed by the same stonemason. A single-story frame addition with an attached two-car garage was built onto the back of the houses at a later date. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
